MMPI-2
- is
- developed
- type
- overall
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
- Originally developed in 1943
- Standardized personality test/Objective personality tests
-The most widely used personality tests are administered simply using paper and pencil.
The most widely used of these
Development
- is (2)
- designed to (2)
- An empirically developed personality assessment inventory
- Atheoretical
- Designed to make inferences about typical behavior and thinking
- Designed to aid in the assessment (Dx) of psychological disorders
Development
- empirical keying
- steps (8)
- empirical determination of items that differentiate groups of people.
Steps
1. Large pool of inventory items (~1000, 504 selected)
2. Comparison groups (724 "normals," 221 patients representing all existing conditions)
3. Patients removed from study if
Development of the MMPI-2
- date
- concerns (3)
- changes (3)
- MMPI-2 (1989)
1. Concerns about convenience sample in original sample
White, 35, married, small town/rural, skilled/semi skilled trade, 8 years formal education
2. Concerns about item content (obsolete language, sexist language, grammatical errors)
3. C
Administration and scoring
- qualifications
- time required
- reading level
- admin
- To administer an advanced degree in mental health, supervised testing and psychopathology
- Time required: 1 to 1.5 hours to take
- Reading level required: 6th grade reading level
- Supervised administration
Basic scales consist of? (2)
1. Validity Scales
- Provides information about an individuals approach to testing and response style
2. Clinical Scales
- 10 scales designed to examine various dimensions of personality and psychopathology
Validity scales (10)
1. "Cannot Say"
2. VRIN
3. TRIN
4. F
5. Fb
6. FBS
7. Fp
8. L
9. K
10. S
Cannot say?
- is
- manual suggestion
- expert suggestion
- The "?" scale is simply the number of omitted items (including items answered both true and false).
- The MMPI-2 manual suggests that protocols with 30 or more omitted items should be considered invalid and not interpreted.
- Other experts suggest inter
L scale
- is
- high scores
- low scores
- Detection of deliberate and unsophisticated attempts of the respondent to present him/herself in a favorable light.
- People who present high L scale scores are not willing to admit even minor shortcomings, and are deliberately trying to present themsel
F scale
- is
- The F Scale serves three important functions
- Developed to detect deviant or atypical ways of responding to test items.
1.It is an index of test-taking attitude and is useful in detecting deviant response sets (i.e. faking good or faking bad).
2. If one can rule out profile invalidity, the F Scale
Fb
- is
- elevated score
- Same function as the F scale, but on the 197 items
- An elevated Fb scale score could indicate that the respondent stopped paying attention to the test items that occurred later in the booklet and shifted to an essentially random pattern of responding
Fp
Fp (Infrequency-Psychopathology Scale)
These are infrequently endorsed items to help to identify individuals who are feigning Sx (faking bad)
FBS
Symptom Validity Scale (FBS)
� 43 item ra9onally derived scale based on item endorsement frequencies in individuals undergoing assessment based on disability/personal injury claims.
� The scale assesses soma9c concerns, unusual beliefs, and deviant antude
K scale
- 4
- Designed to help identify individuals who are describing themselves in an overly positive manner
- Aimed at identifying more subtle and more sophisticated denial
- Some people refer to this scale as the "defensiveness" indicator, as high scores on the K
VRIN
- is
- consists of
- scoring
- Variable Response Inconsistency; designed to detect random responding
- It consists of 67 pairs of items with either similar or opposite content.
- Each time a person answers items in a pair inconsistently, one raw score point is added to the score on t
TRIN
- is
- developed
- consists of
- True Response Inconsistency
- The TRIN scale was developed to identify persons who respond inconsistently to items by giving true responses to items indiscriminately or by giving false responses to items indiscriminately.
- The TRIN scale consists of 23
S scale
- is
- developed
- shown to
-Superlative Scale
-S scale was developed by Butcher and Han (1995) to assess individuals' tendencies to present themselves in an unrealistically positive light.
-Has only been shown to be moderately effective in identification
Clinical scales
1. Hypochondriasis
2. Depression
3. Hysteria
4. Psychopathic deviate
5. Masculine-Feminine
6. Paranoia
7. Psychasthenia
8. Schizophrenia
9. Hypomania
0. Social Introversion
Hypochondriasis
- is
- orginally developed
- contains
- ill person
Physical complaints, over concern of bodily functioning
Originally developed to identify patients who manifested a pattern of symptoms associated with the label of Hypochondriasis.
A wide variety of vague and nonspecific complaints about bodily functionin
Depression
- is
- prim characteristics
- high elevations
- moderate scores
- Symptoms of Depression
- The primary characteristics of symptomatic depression are poor morale, lack of hope in the future, and a general dissatisfaction with one's own life situation.
- High elevations on this scale may suggest clinical depression
- Mo
Hysteria
- is
- consists of (2)
- people
- influenced by
Dramatic presentation, poor reactions to stressful situations, poor coping skills
1. items reflecting specific somatic complaints
2. items that show that the client considers himself or herself well socialized and adjusted
- Such people generally maintain
Psychopathic deviate
- is
- scores related to
- race
- high scores
- low scores
- Social maladjustment, disregard for others, conflict with rules/regulations and authority; General social maladjustment and the absence of strongly pleasant experiences
- Scores on this scale tend to be related to age, with adolescents and college stude
Masculine Feminine
- is
- scores related
- males
- high scores
Perspective on traditional gender roles
Scores on this scale are related to intelligence, education, and socioeconomic status.
It is not uncommon for male college students and other college-educated males to obtain T-scores in the 60 to 65 range
High scor
Paranoia
- is
- developed
Suspiciousness and distrustfulness of others, feelings of persecution
This scale was originally developed to identify patients who were judged to have paranoid symptoms such as ideas of reference, feelings of persecution, grandiose self-concepts, suspicio
Psychanthesia
- is
- developed
- also taps
- anxiety
Obsessions, compulsions, unreasonable fears, and excessive doubts
This scale was originally developed to measure the general symptomatic pattern labeled psychasthenia.
This scale also taps into abnormal fears, self-criticism, difficulties in concentration
Schizophrenia
- is
- developed
- items assess
- challenging
Alienation, eccentricity, abnormal thinking process
This scale was originally developed to identify patients diagnosed as schizophrenic.
The items in this scale assess a wide variety of content areas,
-social alienation, poor familial relationships
-diffi
Hypomania
- is
- developed
- scores related to
- Elated mood, high levels of energy, lack of productivity
This scale was originally developed to identify psychiatric patients manifesting hypomanic symptoms.
Hypomania is characterized by elevated mood, accelerated speech and motor activity, irritabilit
Social introversion
- is
- developed
- high scores
- low scores
Socially withdrawn, shy, timid, reserved
Developed based on an introversion-extraversion continuum
High scorers are generally seen as socially introverted, socially uncomfortable, and insecure
Low scorers tend to be socially extroverted, outgoing, gregari
Content Scales
- 4
- More stable and consistent than clinical scales
- Graham see these scales as more meaningful than the clinical scales in many ways ("T" greater than 65)
- Good validity for the scales
- Content is obvious and so can be manipulated
Content scales
- 15 types
1. Anx General Anxiety
2. FRS Specific fears
3. OBS Compulsive, problems with decisions, rigidity, ruminate
4. DEP Down, fatigued, pessimistic
5. HEA Feel unhealthy, health preoccupation
6. BIZ psychotic thinking, hallucinations, paranoia
7. ANG anger, ho
Supplemental scales
- 3
- Each tends to have been developed independently using various methods
- Generally use linear T-scores (MDS uses uniform)
- Generally good reliability and validity
Supplemental scales
1. (3)
2. (2)
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1. Anxiety (A) and Repression (R)
- Developed using factor analysis. These are the 2 strongest factors.
- A- thinking & thought processes, negative emotional tone, pessimism & lack of energy
- R-health, emotionality, violence, activity, reactivity, domina
Other scales
- 5
Subtle-Obvious
Harris-Lingoes
Content Component Subscales
Personality Disorder scales
Over 300 other scales
Critical item lists
1. suicide
2. assault
Suicide:
75(F), 303(T), 506(T), 520(T), & 524(T)
Assault:
27(T), 37(T), 85(T), 134(T), 213(T), & 389(T)
General evaluation (9)
1. Good standardization sample
2. Great research on validity
3. Major test used in area
4. Little bias
5. Recent revision
6. Reliability
7. Form length could provide more information
8. No data on normal personality
9. Scale inter-correlations & Item over
Criticisms of the MMPI-2
- 8
1. Flawed content you have to be careful on this one - even if a board of "experts" rejects obviously biased items, this does not mean that the test is "bias free" since judges and experts in court can't pick out which items discriminate between groups s
Clinical scales associated with harris lingoes
- 6
Scale 2 Depression
D1 - Subjective Depression
D2 - Psychomotor Retardation
D3 - Physical Malfunctioning
D4 - Mental Dullness
D5 - Brooding
Scale 3 Hysteria
Hy1 - Denial of Social Anxiety
Hy2 - Need for Affection
Hy3 - Lassitude Malaise
Hy4 - Somatic Compl