What is the term to describe the basic unit of heredity?
Gene
If the probability of one event occuring is 75% the probability of an opposite event occuring would be 25%
True
A tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant. What type of cross is this?
- single-factor cross
- monohybrid cross
A punnet square is a tool that can be used to predict the expected ratios of a genetic cross. List the steps in the correct sequence
1. Determine the genotype of each parent
2. List all of the gamete possibilities from each parent
3. Create a Punnet square with gametes of each parent listed (top/side)
4. Determine possible offspring genotypes by filling out the boxes
5. Analyze the rel
Chi Square
O- observed data in each category
E- Expected data in each category
The expected outcome of flipping a coin is 50% heads and 50% heads. In a given strudy, the coin toss yielded heads 65% of the time and tails 35% of the time. What accounts for this discrepancy?
Random sampling error
What terms describes the combination of alleles an individual has?
genotype
A tall pea plant with purple flowers is crossed with a short pea plant with white flowers. What type of cross is this?
Dihybrid cross, two factor cross
A trait that is masked by another trait but reappears in subsequent generation is
recessive
What is the term that describes an individual that has two identical copies of a gene?
homozygous
The gamete possibilities with the genotype Tt are___ and ___
T , t
A pea plant will be tall if it has a least one tall allele in its genome. A plant will be dwarf only if it has two alleles for the dwarf phenotype. What conclusion can be drawn bases in this information?
The tall allele is dominant to the dwarf allele.
Which if the following are examples of a true-breeding strain?
1. A strain of tall plants with purple flowers that have produced the same phenotype for several generations.
2. A strain of short plants whose parents were all short.
List the steps that would be used to analyze a genetic cross with the chi square test
1. Propose a hypothesis to calculate the expected value based on Mendel's laws.
2. Calculate the expected values of the phenotypes
3. Apply the chi square formula using the expected values
4. Interpret the expected chi square value using a chi square tabl
Binomial expansion equation
When flipping a coin, what is the probability of the coin landing with the heads side up?
50%
Which of these would be used to determine the probability that a certain proportion of offspring will be produced with particular characteristics?
- binomial expansion equation
- punnet square
- product rule
Father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
Select all of the reasons that the common garden pea, Psium sativum, was an ideal species to study genetic crosses
- the plants could self-fertilize
-the plant has distinct varieties
- cross pollination was simple due to large flower size
Two different genes will be randomly distributed into gametes the formation of haploid cells. This statement summarizes which of Mendel's laws?
Law if independent assortment
What us the term that describes an alternative form of a gene?
allele
What types of cross describes the mating if an individual expressing a dominant phenotype, but whose genotype is unknown, with a individual expressing the corresponding a recessive phenotype?
testcross
A cross in which the pollen and egg come from the same plant is called
self-fertilization
Which of the following would be classified as the P generation?
True-breeding parents that are crossed
A tall plea plant is crossed with a short pea plant. What type of cross is this?
- Monohybrid cross
-single-factor cross
A tall pea plant with white flowers is crossed with a different tall pea plant that also has white flowers. What type of cross is this?
two factor cross
What tern is used to describe the offspring of a genetic cross between organisms with distinctly different traits for a particular character?
hybrid
The probability if independent events is calculated by multiplying the probability of each event. This is an example of
the product rule
When there is a deviation between the observed and expected outcomes it is called
random sampling error
What is the expected phenotypic ration when a plant that is hetezygous for two traits is allowed to self fertilize?
9:3:3:1
Which is an example of a hybrid?
The offspring of a pea plant with yellow seed and green seeds
What type of cross describes the mating of an individual expressing a dominant phenotype, but whose genotype is known, with an individual expressing the corresponding recessive phenotype?
testcross
What term describes the outward expression or observable characteristics of a gene?
phenotype
Whicj of these would be used to determine the probability that a certain proportion of offspring will be produced with particular characteristics?
-punnet square
-binomial expansion equation
-product rule
The product rule can be used to
predict the probability if independent events
An organism with the genotype Aa is said to be
heterozygous
If the observed data is not significantly different from the expected data it is called a
null hypothesis
The genotype AAbbCCdd is
homozygous
Determine the possible gametes that could be formed from an organism with the genotype AABbCc
AbC, AbC, ABC, ABc
Cross-fertilization is a cross in which
the pollen and egg come from different plants
List the events of pollination in the correct order
1.Sperm are produced in pollen grains and eggs are formed into ovules
2.Pollen grain lands on stigma
3.Pollen tube forms
4.Sperm travel to egg where fertiliztion occurs
5.Second sperm fuses with central cell containing polar nuclei
6.Endosperm is formed.
In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What is the expected genotypic ratio a cross between two pea plants that are heterozygous for the axial flower gene
1 AA :2 Aa: 1 aa
Which would provide clues to determine the role of a protein within an organism?
Loss-of-function allele
If the genotype of a diploid organism is AABBCC, then ABC would represent
the genotype of a gamete from this organism
If you cross a pea plant with wrinkled yellow seeds (rrYy) to plant with round green seeds (Rryy) what would be your expected phenotypic ratio?
1:1:1:1
Which of the following exemplifies genetic recombination?
An offspring receives a combination of alleles that differs from those in the P generation
The fact that genetic determinants are inherited as discrete units that are unchanged when passed from generation to generation is best explained by
the particulate theory of inheritance
An organism's genotype is RrYy and it produces gametes with genotypes RY RyrY and ry in equal frequency. Which os Mendel's laws explains this fact?
Mendel's law of independent assortment
Presence of freckles (FF) is dominan to the lack of freckles (ff). If a male who has freckles mates with a female with no freckles, what combination of alleles will be present in the F1 generation?
Ff
Which operation of probability should be used to analyze crosses in which the outcomes are independent of each other?
Product rule
A tall pea plant with yellow seeds was test crossed to determine the genotype of the parent plant. The resultiing phenotypes were 1/4 tall, green; /4 tall, yellow; 1/4 dwarf, yellow;1/4 dwarf green.
TtYy
If a parent with the genotype AaBb mates with a parent who's aabb, what is the probability of an Aabb offspring?
1/4
Which of these represent the genotype of a gamete from a diploid organism?
ABC
Which of MEndel's laws explains why a gamete only has one copy of each gene?
Law of segregation
In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between two pea plants that are heterozygous for the axial flower gene?
3 axial: 1 terminal
Which of the folloing methods would best be applied to determine the probability of having two babies and getting a female each time?
Product rule
When would the miltinomial expansion equation be used?
In genetic crosses where more than two combinations of offspring are possible
The frog, Rana pipiens , has diploid number of 26. How many different combinations of gametes can these frogs form, assuming the independent assortment occurs?
about 8,200