How many sets of chromosomes does an oogonium have?
2
How many sets of chromosomes does a primary spermatocyte have?
2
How many chromosomes does a spermatid have?
1
How many chromosomes does a cell from either sex during anaphase of meiosis 1 have?
2
How many chromosomes does a cell from either sex have during anaphase in meiosis II have?
1
How many chromosomes does a secondary oocyte have?
1
How many chromosomes does a polar body derived from a primary oocyte have?
1
What are the structures and functions of the male reproductive system?
Function: produce sperm, and seminal fluid, sperm stored in the epididymis.
Structures:
Testes,
Sperm,
Seminiferous tubules,
Bulberethral glands,
Prostate gland,
Seminal vesicles,
Epididymis,
Ductus deferens,
Urethra.
What are the structures and functions of the female reproductive system?
Function: produces oocyte and polar bodies that mature in the ovary, oocyte divides and develops.
Structures:
Ovary,
Fallopian tubes,
Uterus,
Uterine tube
If a dog has 39 pairs of chromosomes and two dogs mate, what are the possible puppy types? Is it an overestimate or and underestimate?
2 to the 39th power, it is an underestimate because it does not account for crossing over
What are 3 similarities between mitosis and meiosis?
- both cell division.
- both replicate and separate DNA.
- both go through the 5 steps + cytokinesis.
Is meiosis diploid or haploid?
Haploid
Is mitosis diploid or haploid?
Diploid
Does mitosis have identical or genetically different daughter cells?
Identical daughter cells
Does meiosis have identical or genetically different daughter cells?
Genetically different daughter cells
How do oogenesis and spermatogenesis differ? What do they have in common?
Both produce gametes, but oogenesis takes years and spermatogenesis only takes months.
Spermatogenesis produces 1 ovum and oogenesis produces 4 sperm cells
How does gamete maturation differ in male and female?
In female, most of the cytoplasm concentrates in one huge cell, in male, 4 similarly shaped sperm derive from an original cell undergoing meiosis.
Why is it necessary for spermatogenesis and oogenesis to generate stem cells?
To continue to retain spermatogenesis
What are the sequence of events?
Zygote, morula, inner cell mass, gastrula, notochord, fetus
Only birth defects caused by ____ ____ can be passed on to children of the affected individual
Mutant genotype
What are 5 teratogens?
Thalidomide, alcohol, excess nutrients, cigarettes, and infections
Up to what stage is it ethical to experiment on a prenatal human?
Some feel no stage is acceptable
Armadillos always give birth to quadruplets, are the offspring identical?
Yes
Dioxin. a contaminant in herbicide. what types of cell would the chemical have to have affected to cause birth defects years later?
Germ cells
Why can't a polar body support the development of an entire embryo?
Polar bodies do not have enough cytoplasm and organelles to support embryos
What types of evidence led researchers to hypothesize that a poor prenatal environment can raise the risk for certain adult diseases?
Prenatal stress, lack of nutrients, future diabetes, or heart disease
Why is cocaine more dangerous than alcohol syndrome?
They can become addicted at birth to cocaine
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
Mothers that drink alcohol during pregnancy, have babies with characteristic flat faces
What are conjoined twins?
Incomplete dividing of cells during first two weeks
What are the principal events of a fertilized ovum?
Oocyte fertilization
What are the principal events of a cleavage furrow?
Mitosis increases cell number
What is a morula?
A solid ball of cells
What are the events of the gastrula?
Primary germ layer forms
Fraternal twins are?
Dizygotic
Identical twins are?
Monozygotic
What is the ectoderm made out of?
Epidermis of skin, hair, nails, glands of the skin
What is the mesoderm made out of?
Muscle connective tissue, cartilage, blood, bone, dermis of skin, blood vessels, kidneys, uterus, and internal reproductive organs
What is the endoderm made out of?
Tonsils, thyroid, trachea, lungs, vagina, urethra, digestive track, liver, pancreas, and urinary track
How long after fertilization does the zygote divide by mitosis?
One day
How many weeks after fertilization does the embryo form?
2 weeks
What are 3 birth defects teratogens can cause?
- lack of oxygen intake.
- incomplete legs or arms.
- fetal alcohol syndrome.
What are the steps of oogenesis?
1) diploid oogonium divides by mitosis to produce stem cells to specialize into primary oocytes.
2) primary oocyte divides unequally forming polar bodies and a secondary oocyte.
3) secondary oocyte divides to form polar bodies and a haploid ovum.
Each gamete is haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Where are sperm and oocytes produced?
Reproductive system
Where does the ductus deferentia pass through?
Prostate gland
What do gametes form?
Germ line cells
What is a spermatogonium?
An undifferentiated cell in a seminiferous tubule in a stem cell that can give rise in meiosis
What is an oogonium?
Female cell that is diploid and does not attach like a male cell
What is a morula?
The very early prenatal stage that resembles a mulberry oocyte the female gamete
What is a gastrula?
3 layered embryo
What is oogenesis?
Oocyte development
What is an oocyte?
Egg that becomes an ovum in the menstrual cycle
What is a zygote?
A prenatal human from the fertilized ovum stage of the embryo
What is a blastocyst?
A hollow ball of cells descended from a fertilized ovum
What is a gamete?
A sex cell
What is independent assortment?
The arrangement of homologous chromosome pairs down the center of the cell in metaphase 1
What is a polar body?
A product of female meiosis that contains little cytoplasm and does not continue to develop into an oocyte
What is spermatogenesis?
Sperm cell differentiation
What is inter-kinesis?
A short interphase between the two meiotic divisions; the chromosomes unfold into very thin threads, and DNA is not replicated a second time
What are the results of meiosis?
4 haploid cells containing a single copy of the genome