Interactions among the human ABO blood group alleles involve _____ and ______
-co-dominance and complete dominance
Two and three-factor testcrosses can both be used to ______ and _______
-map gene loci and determine genotypes
Multi-factorial traits are influenced by ______ and ______.
-multiple genes and environment
Which are examples of monohybrid crosses?
-Aa x aa
-Aa x Aa
-AaBb x aabb
-AaBb x AaBb
-Aa x aa
-Aa x Aa
Which parental genotypes will produce only heterozygous F1 offspring?
-Aa x aa
-aa x aa
-AA x Aa
-AA x aa
-Aa x Aa
-AA x aa
In the following cross, what proportion of individuals will have the Bombay phenotype? AB Hh x AB Hh
1/4
Red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. A woman with normal color vision has a father who is color blind. The woman has a child with a man with normal color vision. Which phenotype is NOT expected?
color-blind female
How many Barr Bodies would you expect to see in an XXY individual?
-1
A Barr body is a(n)
a. gene on the X chromosome that is responsible for female development.
b. patch of cells that has a phenotype different from surrounding cells because of variable X inactivation.
c. inactivated X chromosome, visible in the nucleus of
c. inactivated X chromosome, visible in the nucleus of a cell that is from a female mammal.
In the following tetrahybrid cross AaBbCcDd x AaBbCcDd what proportion of the F2 offspring would be expected to be phenotypically recessive?
2/256
4/256
81/256
1/256
1/256
In the following tetrahybrid cross AaBbCcDd x AaBbCcDd what proportion of the F2 offspring would be expected to be phenotypically ABCD ?
81/256
1/256
1/2
9/256
81/256
In the following tetrahybrid cross AaBbCcDd x AaBbCcDd what proportion of the F2 offspring would be expected to be genotypically AABBCCdd ?
3/4
1/2
1/256
81/256
9/256
1/256
In the following tetrahybrid cross AaBbCcDd x AaBbCcDd what proportion of the F2 offspring would be expected to be genotypically AaBbCcDd ?
81/256
4/256
8/256
1/16
1/16
The DNA of a eukaryotic chromosome is:
attached in the middle by a centromere.
lots of double helices all jumbled together
c. two or three helices neatly arranged in the nucleus.
d. a pile of fibers with lots of loose ends
e. one long double helix.
e. one long double helix.
Cytokinesis is:
a) the energy transfer process that facilitates bacterial movement
b) the formation of two cells at the end of mitosis in both plants and animals
c) the formation of two new nuclei at the end of mitosis or either meiotic division
d) None o
b) the formation of two cells at the end of mitosis in both plants and animals
In the G0 stage of the cell cycle, which of the following is true:
stem cells are produced
the cell exits the cell cycle
RNA replicates
DNA content doubles
the nuclear membrane disappears
the cell exits the cell cycle
Mice homozygous for mutations in one gene exhibit polydactyly (i.e. extra toes) while in another gene (limb deformity), homozygous mutants lack all parts of the limb below the wrist. A mutant that is doubly homozygous for extra toes and limb deformity mut
epistasis
Mitosis ends with _____, while meiosis ends with _____.
a) 2 haploid cells; 4 diploid cells
b) 4 diploid cells, 2 haploid cells
c) 2 diploid cells; 4 haploid cells
d) 4 haploid cells; 2 diploid cells
c) 2 diploid cells; 4 haploid cells
The contribution Charles Darwin made to genetics was to
a. demonstrate the connection between Mendel's principles of inheritance and evolution.
b. propose that evolution occurs by natural selection.
c. develop the theory of evolution, based on earlier the
b. propose that evolution occurs by natural selection.
How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle?
a) The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA
b) The daughter cells have half the nu
d) The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA
In eukaryotes, chromosomes do not contain:
proteases
chromatin
proteins
histones
DNA
proteases
If a couple with Sickle cell disease genotypes Ss and Ss mate and have one child with the disease, what is the chance the next child has the disease as well?
a) 0.25
b) 0
c) 1
d) 0.5
.25
What is the probability of obtaining 3 heads in THREE flips of a fair coin?
1/4
1
1/2
1/8
1/8
What is the probability of obtaining 3 heads in FOUR flips of a fair coin?
0.50
0.25
0.0625
0.75
.25
If they live long enough what will the penetrance be of individuals carrying the Huntingtons Disease allele?
50%
100%
25%
0%
100%
In anaphase
a) chromosomes move to opposite poles
b) chromosomes replicate
c) the nuclear membrane is dissolved
d) homologous chromosomes are paired
a) chromosomes move to opposite poles
Which of the following species is considered a genetic model organism?
The plant, Linaria vulgaris
The deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus
The worm, Caenorhabditis elegans
The frog, Hyla chrysoscelis
The chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes
The worm, Caenorhabditis elegans
The primary structure of a protein is:
A chain of genes
An active site
A folded up ball of cells
A linear chain of amino acids
A long coil
A linear chain of amino acids
If a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate during anaphase of meiosis I, what will be the chromosome number of the four resulting gametes with respect to the normal haploid number (n)?
a) n + 1; n + 1; n; n
b) n + 1; n - 1; n; n
c) n + 1; n + 1
c) n + 1; n + 1; n - 1; n - 1
Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of the dividing cell during
a) meiosis I
b) binary fission
c) meiosis II
d) mitosis
a) meiosis I
A diploid somatic cell from a rat has a total of 42 chromosomes (2n = 42). As in humans, sex chromosomes determine sex: XX in females and XY in males.
What is the total number of chromosomes present in the cell during metaphase I of meiosis?
21
42
84
126
42
A diploid somatic cell from a rat has a total of 42 chromosomes (2n = 42). As in humans, sex chromosomes determine sex: XX in females and XY in males.
What is the total number of chromosomes in a polar body cell from a rat?
21
40
41
42
84
21
A diploid somatic cell from a rat has a total of 42 chromosomes (2n = 42). As in humans, sex chromosomes determine sex: XX in females and XY in males.
What is the total number of telomeres in a rat cell in G2?
21
42
84
126
168
168
Which term refers to mating between closely related people?
consanguinity
probanding
congenital
concordance
consanguinity
Genetic distances within a given linkage group:
a. cannot exceed 100 cM.
b. are dependent upon crossover frequencies between paired, non-sister chromatids.
c. are measured in centiMorgans.
d. cannot be determined.
f. A, B, and C
g. B, C, and D
h. B and C
h. B and C
If thymine makes up 15% of the bases in a certain DNA sample, what percentage of the bases must be cytosine?
15%
35%
30%
50%
Not enough information to tell.
35%
Genetic information can be carried in which of the following biomolecules?
proteins
DNA and not RNA
RNA and not DNA
Either DNA or RNA
Either DNA or RNA
If a female Drosophila that is heterozygous for a recessive X-linked mutation is crossed to a wild-type male, what proportion of female progeny will have the mutant phenotype?
100%
0%
33%
25%
0%
When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?
a) 75%
b) 0%
c) 25%
d) 50%
50%
In snapdragons, heterozygotes for one of the genes have pink flowers, whereas homozygotes have red or white flowers. When plants with red flowers are crossed with plants with white flowers, what proportion of the offspring will have pink flowers?
a) 25%
b
100%
In order to determine if mutations from different organisms that exhibit the same phenotype are allelic, which test would you perform?
test cross
epistasis test
complementation test
allelic series test
biochemical test
complementation test
How many different F2 genotypes would you expect in a cross with four heterozygous gene pairs?
27
162
9
81
243
81
Ability to roll the tongue is caused by a dominant allele. A woman is a "roller," but one of her parents is not. The woman is expecting a child with a man who is a "nonroller." What is the probability that their child will be a "roller"?
1/4
1/3
3/4
1/2
2
1/2
Ability to roll the tongue is caused by a dominant allele. A woman is a "roller," but one of her parents is not. What is the woman's genotype? :
homozygous dominant
heterozygous
homozygous recessive
cannot be determined from this information
heterozygous
0.1% frequency of recombination is observed
a) only in sex chromosomes
b) in any two genes on different chromosomes
c) in genes located very close to one another on the same chromosome
d) on unlinked chromosomes
c) in genes located very close to one another on the same chromosome
Codominant alleles are expressed individuals that are __________________________.
penetrant
homozygous
polymorphic
heterozygous
mutually exclusive
heterozygous
Sister chromatids separate during what phase(s)?
a. Meiosis I prophase
b. Meiosis I anaphase
c. Meiosis II prophase
d. Meiosis II anaphase
e. Mitosis prophase
f. Mitosis anaphase
p. 32
d and f
Crossing over (genetic recombination) occurs in
a. Meiosis I prophase
b. Meiosis I anaphase
c. Meiosis II prophase
d. Meiosis II anaphase
e. Mitosis prophase
f. Mitosis anaphase
a.
Chromosomes are randomly partitioned during _______ , contributing to genetic diversity.
a. Meiosis I prophase
b. Meiosis I anaphase
c. Meiosis II prophase
d. Meiosis II anaphase
e. Mitosis prophase
f. Mitosis anaphase
b.
Chromosomes are in unseparated, sister-chromatid form, at the end of which phase(s)?
a. Meiosis I prophase
b. Meiosis I anaphase
c. Meiosis II prophase
d. Meiosis II anaphase
e. Mitosis prophase
f. Mitosis anaphase
a, b, c, e
The first stage after which a dividing cell that started as a diploid would be haploid
a. Meiosis I prophase
b. Meiosis I anaphase
c. Meiosis II prophase
d. Meiosis II anaphase
e. Mitosis prophase
f. Mitosis anaphase
b.
Linked genes ____________.
assort randomly
can crossover and recombine
are allelic
co-segregate
will segregate independently
co-segregate
Genes can be located in which organelles (List all that are right)?
a. nucleus
b. ribosome
c. chloroplast
d. golgi
e. mitochondria
f. Vacuole
a, c, e
A trihybrid cross is a cross between two individuals who are heterozygous for three genes. For example: AaBbCc x AaBbCc. Assuming these three genes are unlinked and assorting independently, what segregation ratio would be observed?
9:3:3:1
1:1:1:1
16:9:9:
27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1
Assuming Mendel's Second Law is correct, what is the expected segregation ratio for traits in a dihybrid cross?
1:1
3:1
1:1:1:1
9:3:3:1
None of the above.
9:3:3:1
Genes come in different versions called:
alleles
loci
genotypes
chromosomes
genomes
alleles
A rare dominant trait, when exhibited in men, is transmitted to half their sons and to half their daughters. The gene for this trait is carried:
on the X chromosome.
on an autosome.
on the Y chromosome.
in the mitochondria.
None of the above.
on an autosome.
Hemizygosity would most likely be associated with which of the following?
dihybrid crosses
incomplete dominance
trihybrid crosses
sex-linked inheritance
sex-limited inheritance
sex-linked inheritance
A poison suppresses the ability of the body to manufacture amino acids. Knowing this, the poison interferes most with the production of:
Glucose
Energy
Proteins
DNA
tRNA
Proteins
Where on the chromatid are the microtubules attached?
Centriole
Centromere
Kinetochore
Telomere
Kinetochore
List four terms used to describe the normal morphologies, with respect to arm ratio, of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Metacentric
Submetacentric
Arocentric
Telocentric
(TAMS)
Purple flower color and yellow seed color are dominant traits. An individual with purple flowers and yellow seeds is crossed to an individual with purple flowers and green seeds. The offspring of these two parents were as follows:
Purple flowers yellow se
d) ppYy only
Purple flower color and yellow seed color are dominant traits. An individual with purple flowers and yellow seeds is crossed to an individual with purple flowers and green seeds. The offspring of these two parents were as follows:
Purple flowers, yellow s
d. Ppyy
When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result?
a) Other male-specific fac
d) The gene involved is on the X chromosome
If a typical somatic cell has 44 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are expected in each gamete of that organism?
18
22
72
88
44
22
Genes contain the instructions for building proteins. Where are those instructions located?
a. In the bonds between complementary bases.
b In the sugar and phosphate groups that are part of each nucleotide.
c. In the tRNA.
d. In the nuclear membrane.
e. I
e. In the order of the DNA bases.
Human blood types are an example of codominance because:
a) An individual with genotype AO will have A type blood
b) The only individuals with O type blood are homozygous recessive
c) Individuals with both A and B alleles produce a blended blood type with
d) The A and B alleles both express equally in individuals with both alleles.
A woman who has blood type A has a daughter who is type O and a son who is type B. Which of the following is a possible genotype for the son?
a) IBIB
b) ii
c) IBi
d) IBIA
c) IBi
If a crossover event happened in one half of all tetrads, how many recombinant gametes would be produced?
0%
50%
25%
12.5%
25%
The F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always looked like one of the two parental varieties because:
a) different genes interacted to produce the parental phenotype
b) one allele was completely dominant over another
c) the traits blended together
b) one allele was completely dominant over another
A chromosome with a centromere at the very end is called:
submetacentric.
metacentric.
acrocentric.
acentric.
telocentric.
telocentric.
Polygenic traits ______________________
a. may be measured quantitatively and have continuous variation
b. are influenced by both genes and the environment
c. are not affected by the environment
d. fall into discrete classes of phenotypes
e. Both A and B
A and B
Which of the following is not a component within a single nucleotide of a nucleic acid?
nitrogenous base
sugar
polymerase
phosphate
polymerase
Embryonic stem cells are the subject of a great deal of research. What characteristic of embryonic stems cells accounts for this scientific interest?
they are not controversial
they are potentially totipotent
they are potentially pluripotent
they can be u
they are potentially totipotent
The contribution of Gilbert and Sanger to modern genetics was to:
develop the PCR technique.
discover DNA in the nucleus of cells.
describe the structure of DNA.
show that genes were made of DNA.
develop a method for sequencing DNA.
develop a method for sequencing DNA.
Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes are true?
They always contain the same genes.
They always contain the same alleles.
They occur together in diploid cells.
They occur together in haploid cells.
They always contain the same genes.
They occur together in diploid cells.
Your teaching assistant for class spent all night in the research lab on an experiment, and in trying to review transcription and translation keeps interchanging the words during his lecture. Which one(s) of these statements your teaching assistant has ma
During translation, amino acids are brought to the ribosome by a tRNA molecule.
Prokaryotic chromosomes do not have telomeres because:
they do not go through mitosis.
they do not go through DNA replication.
they are in the cytoplasm.
they are circular.
they have no centromeres.
they are circular.
Mendel's law of independent assortment has its physical basis in the:
a. separation of alleles into haploid cells.
b. spindle attachment in anaphase I.
c. random arrangement of chromosomes on the metaphase plate in meiosis I.
d. sister chromatids separati
c. random arrangement of chromosomes on the metaphase plate in meiosis I.
What is the mechanism that ensures Mendel's Law of segregation?
a. Segregation of sister chromatids during meiosis II
b. The formation of the kinetochore
c. Pairing of the dyads into tetrads
d. Formation of the chiasmata
e. Segregation of homologous chrom
e. Segregation of homologous chromosomes
What phenomenon describes a genetic trait that is expressed more strongly or earlier in development with each generation?
epigenetics
maternally determined progeny phenotypes epistasis
anticipation
norm of reaction
anticipation
An organism has a haploid number of 6, how many possible assortments of chromosomes are possible based on the independent assortement of the chromosomes?
32
64
128
256
not possible to determine based on this information
64
Crossing over occurs during
interphase.
prophase.
metaphase.
anaphase.
telophase.
prophase
The following are features and characteristics of the DNA molecule except
composed of four nitrogenous bases
is capable of being replicated
can be mutated
is used as genetic material by all organisms
all of the above
is used as genetic material by all organisms
In one strand of DNA the nucleotide sequence is 5'-ATGC-3'. The complementary sequence in the other strand must :
5'-CGTA-3'
3'-ATGC-5'
5'-TACG-3'
5'-ATCG-3'
3'-TACG-5'
3'-TACG-5'
10% recombination is equal to how many map units?
100mu
10mu
1000mu
1mu
10mu
The difference between the homogametic sex and heterogametic sex is that __________________
a. homogametic sex has a different set of haploid chromosomes
b. the homogametic sex determines the gender of the offspring
c. the heterogametic sex determines the
c. the heterogametic sex determines the gender of the offspring
During the cell cycle, chromosomal replication occurs in
a) Telophase
b) Interphase
c) Prophase
d) Metaphase
interphase
In order to be functional, a chromosome requires all of the following except:
centromeres
origins of replication
nucleomeres
telomeres
nucleomeres
In a germ-line cell from a human male that is dividing, when do the X and Y chromosomes segregate?
during mitosis
during meiosis I, anaphase
during meiosis II, anaphase
They do not segregate; gametes contain a copy of X and a copy of Y.
during meiosis I, anaphase
An allele is:
one of the bases in DNA.
an alternate form of a gene.
another term for epistasis.
present only in males and is responsible for sex determination.
found in mitochondria but not in nuclei.
an alternate form of a gene.
Males with an X-linked gene are said to be ______________ for these X-linked genes.
sex-linked
hemizygous
homozygous
partially dominant
heterogametic
hemizygous