Guanine and adenine are purines found in DNA.
True or False.
True.
Which of the following statements about DNA structure is true?
A) Nucleic acids are formed through phosphodiester bonds that link nucleosides together.
B) The pentose sugar in DNA is ribose.
C) Hydrogen bonds formed between the sugar?phosphate backbones o
D) The nucleic acid strands in a DNA molecule are oriented antiparallel to each other, meaning they run in opposite directions.
What is the complementary DNA sequence to 5? ATGCTTGACTG 3??
5? CAGTCAAGCAT 3?
1) DNA helicase does what?
2) Single-stranded binding proteins?
3) Primase?
4) Topoisomerase?
1) DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between DNA strands, separating them.
2) Single-stranded binding proteins bind to the single-stranded DNA and prevent it from reannealing.
3) Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer that is necessary for DNA polyme
1) DNA polymerase III does what?
2) DNA polymerase I?
3) DNA ligase?
1) DNA polymerase III synthesizes most of the DNA during DNA replication.
2) DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA.
3) DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone to fill in the nicks left there from removing t
Which of the following statements about DNA replication in E. coli is true?
A) Replication proceeds in both directions from a single origin of replication.
B) Replication proceeds in both directions from multiple origins of replication.
C) Replication pro
A) Replication proceeds in both directions from a single origin of replication.
In a DNA nucleotide, to which carbon on deoxyribose is the nitrogenous base attached?
A) 1?
B) 2?
C) 3?
D) 5?
A) 1'
In 1928, Frederick Griffith conducted a series of experiments that demonstrated which of the following?
A) A "transformation factor" could be released from one cell and picked up by another cell, thus changing the genetic identity of the recipient cell.
B
A) A "transformation factor" could be released from one cell and picked up by another cell, thus changing the genetic identity of the recipient cell.
A standard PCR cycle includes three steps: denaturation (95�C), annealing (55�C), and elongation (65�C).
Drag each ingredients of a PCR reaction into the bin labeled with the step in the PCR cycle in which it is first used.
Denaturation (95C) uses what?
A
Denaturation: DNA Template
Annealing: Primers
Elongation: Taq polymerase and dNTPs
During the denaturation step of a PCR cycle, the template DNA strands are separated or denatured. Next, during the annealing step, the single-stranded primers hybridize to
Below is the sequence of the coding strand of DNA that flanks the coding region of the GFP gene.
Diagram of the DNA coding strand with this sequence: 5'-ATCGG--GFP gene--TTAGAC-3'
Select the sequence of the forward primer that you would use to amplify the
D) 5' ATCGGG 3'
A) 5' GTCTAA 3'
What conclusion(s) could Griffith draw from his experiment? Select all that apply.
-A transforming factor from a virulent strain of bacteria can make a non-virulent strain virulent.
-The transforming factor is DNA.
-The transforming factor is RNA.
-The tr
...
At each replication fork, _______ moves along the parental DNA, separating the two strands by breaking the ________ bonds between the base pairs. (This makes the two parental DNA strands available to the DNA polymerases for replication.) As soon as the ba
At each replication fork, helicase moves along the parental DNA, separating the two strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. (This makes the two parental DNA strands available to the DNA polymerases for replication.) As soon as the b
DNA polymerase ___ can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a new DNA strand. Because the two parental DNA strands of a double helix are __________ (go from 3' to 5' in opposite directions), the direction that DNA pol ___ moves on each strand emerging fr
DNA polymerase III can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a new DNA strand. Because the two parental DNA strands of a double helix are antiparallel (go from 3' to 5' in opposite directions), the direction that DNA pol III moves on each strand emerging
Which of the following reagents is not required for the polymerase chain reaction?
A) Dideoxynucleotide triphosphates
B) A heat-stable DNA polymerase
C) Deoxynucleotide triphosphates
D) A pair of DNA primers
A) Dideoxynucleotide triphosphates
Dideoxynucleotides terminate chain elongation due to the absence of a 3'-OH group, which is required for new nucleotide addition in the process of DNA replication. Dideoxynucleotides are used in DNA sequencing reactions.
The RNA polymerase reads the template strand from the ______ direction, and synthesizes RNA from ______. The __________ strand is the DNA strand that is based paired to RNA as transcription proceeds. In this example, the RNA is paired with the bottom stra
The RNA polymerase reads the template strand from the 3' to 5' direction, and synthesizes RNA from 5' to 3'. The template strand is the DNA strand that is based paired to RNA as transcription proceeds. In this example, the RNA is paired with the bottom st
Which of the following are classified as functional or structural RNAs?
A) mRNAs and tRNAs
B) tRNAs, rRNAs, and snRNAs
C) Only mRNAs
D) mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs
...B) tRNAs, rRNAs, and snRNAs
Which of the following lists steps of mRNA production in eukaryotes in the correct order?
A) Transcription, 5' cap addition, addition of poly-A tail, passage through nuclear membrane, exon splicing
B) Transcription, 5' cap addition, addition of poly-A tai
B) Transcription, 5' cap addition, addition of poly-A tail, exon splicing, passage through nuclear membrane
Which of the following is characteristic of transcription in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes?
A) A single transcript may be transcribed and translated simultaneously.
B) Exon splicing
C) A 3' untranslated trailer sequence
D) A 5' untranslated leader seq
B) Exon splicing
Introns must be removed from eukaryotic pre-mRNA; prokaryotic mRNA does not contain introns.
Which of the following best describe(s) the function of the 5'mRNA cap?
Check all that apply.
-To provide a binding site for poly(A) polymerase
-To protect the transcript from degradation
-It provides a site for ribosome binding in the cytoplasm.
-Termina
-To protect the transcript from degradation
-It provides a site for ribosome binding in the cytoplasm.
The 5' cap is essential for recognition of the mRNA by ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
There are three principles to keep in mind when predicting the sequence of the mRNA produced by transcription of a particular DNA sequence.
Info, not really a question.
The RNA polymerase reads the sequence of DNA bases from only one of the two strands of DNA: the template strand.
The RNA polymerase reads the code from the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction and thus produces the mRNA strand in the 5' to 3' directi
During transcription in eukaryotes, a type of RNA polymerase called RNA polymerase II moves along the template strand of the DNA in the 3'?5' direction. However, for any given gene, either strand of the double-stranded DNA may function as the template str
E) the specific sequence of bases along the DNA strands
WHAT is the one word that fills in all the blanks (as in, every blank contains the same word).
In eukaryotes, binding of RNA polymerase II to DNA involves several other proteins known as __________________. Many of these _______________________ bind to th
In eukaryotes, binding of RNA polymerase II to DNA involves several other proteins known as transcription factors. Many of these transcription factors bind to the DNA in the promoter region (shown below in green), located at the 3' end of the sequence on
After transcription begins, several steps must be completed before the fully processed mRNA is ready to be used as a template for protein synthesis on the ribosomes.
Which three statements correctly describe the processing that takes place before a mature
-A cap consisting of a modified guanine nucleotide is added to the 5' end of the pre-mRNA.
-Noncoding sequences called introns are spliced out by molecular complexes called spliceosomes.
-A poly-A tail (50-250 adenine nucleotides) is added to the 3' end o
Once RNA polymerase II is bound to the promoter region of a gene, transcription of the template strand begins. As transcription proceeds, three key steps occur on the RNA transcript:
Early in transcription, when the growing transcript is about 20 to 40 nu
Once RNA polymerase II is bound to the promoter region of a gene, transcription of the template strand begins. As transcription proceeds, three key steps occur on the RNA transcript:
Early in transcription, when the growing transcript is about 20 to 40 nu
Bacterial transcription is a four-stage process.
1. __________________: RNA polymerase is a holoenzyme composed of a five-subunit core enzyme and a sigma (?) subunit. Different types of ? subunits aid in the recognition of different forms of bacterial pro
Bacterial transcription is a four-stage process.
1. Promoter recognition:
2. Chain initiation:
3. Chain elongation:
4. Chain termination:
Transcription by RNA pol II in eukaryotes begins when TFIID recognizes and binds to the ______ box. The bound TFIID helps recruit TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, and RNA pol II. Once those subunits of the minimal initiation complex are bound, TFIIE and TFIIH bind to
Transcription by RNA pol II in eukaryotes begins when TFIID recognizes and binds to the TATA box. The bound TFIID helps recruit TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, and RNA pol II. Once those subunits of the minimal initiation complex are bound, TFIIE and TFIIH bind to f
Which of the following statements best describes the structure of RNA molecules in general?
A) RNA molecules are single-stranded, but they commonly form localized secondary structures by forming covalent bonds between regions of the molecule.
B) RNA molec
C) RNA molecules are single-stranded, but they commonly form localized secondary structures by base pairing between regions of the molecule.
Is coupling of transcription and translation possible in single-celled eukaryotes such as yeast?
YES or NO.
No.
What is a gene?
A) A gene is an RNA, which codes for translation of a protein.
B) A gene is the unit of heritage, mutation, recombination and function.
C) A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the information for transcription of an RNA.
D) A gene is a
C) A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the information for transcription of an RNA.
Why are genes for rRNA and tRNA considered to be genes even though they do not produce polypeptides?
A) rRNA and tRNA are also gene products along with polypeptides.
B) The structures of tRNA and rRNA are similar to the structures of polypeptides.
C) The
A) rRNA and tRNA are also gene products along with polypeptides.
What normally binds to an open A-site on the ribosome?
A) An empty tRNA after its amino acid has been added to the polypeptide chain
B) A tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain
C) The initiator tRNA that carries the fir
B) A tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain
What is a charged tRNA?
A) a tRNA that carries a specific amino acid
B) a tRNA that is bound to an initiation factor (IF)
C) a tRNA that is bound to the small ribosomal subunit
D) an ionic form of a tRNA
A) a tRNA that carries a specific amino acid
Once elongation is underway, tRNAs involved in the process occupy a series of sites on the complexed ribosome. The occupation of sites occurs in the following order.
A) A Site, P Site, E Site, S Site
B) A Site, S Site, E Site
C) A Site, P Site, E Site
D)
C) A Site, P Site, E Site
When a peptide bond is formed between two amino acids, one is attached to the tRNA occupying the P site and the other _______.
A) is attached to the tRNA occupying the E site
B) is attached to the tRNA occupying the A site
C) is free in the cytoplasm
D) i
B) is attached to the tRNA occupying the A site
At which site does the charged initiator tRNA bind during protein synthesis?
A) T site
B) E site
C) P site
D) A site
C) P site
The initiator tRNAfmet binds to the mRNA codon in the P site of the ribosome. The initiator tRNA is the only one that binds in the P site; all other tRNAs bind the ribosome in the A site.
The enzyme EF?Tu catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acid held by the tRNA in the A site and the elongating amino acid chain held by the tRNA in the P site.
True or False.
False
Peptidyl transferase is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds during translation. EF?Tu is an elongation factor that facilitates the entry of charged tRNAs into the A site.
What event occurs during translocation?
A) Amino acids are added to the polypeptide chain.
B) The polypeptide is cleaved from the terminal tRNA.
C) mRNA shifts in the 5' direction along the ribosome.
D) The two ribosomal subunits join to form a complex.
C) mRNA shifts in the 5' direction along the ribosome.
_____________ is the process by which mRNA shifts by 3 bases in the 5' direction along the ribosome to bring another codon into the A site.
Translocation
In prokaryotes, the methionine that initiates the formation of a polypeptide chain differs from subsequently added methionines in that _______.
A) incorporation of the initial methionine does not require a tRNA
B) its tRNA anticodon is not complementary t
C) a formyl group is attached to the initiating methionine
Translation is directly dependent on all of the following associations except _______.
A) complementary base pairing between mRNA and rRNA
B) complementary base pairing between mRNA and tRNA
C) association of the 30S and the 50S ribosomal subunits
D) comp
D) complementary base pairing between mRNA and DNA
Which of the following best describes the first step in the formation of the translation initiation complex?
A) The large ribosomal subunit binds to the small ribosomal subunit.
B) The large ribosomal subunit binds to an mRNA sequence near the 5' end of t
C) The small ribosomal subunit binds to an mRNA sequence near the 5' end of the transcript
Determine which of the following sequences and structures represent part of mature eukaryotic mRNA.
Check all that apply.
-5'-cap
-start codon
-promoter
-AAUAAA
-intron
-poly-A tail
-termination sequence
-stop codon
-5'-UTR
-3'-UTR
-5'-cap
-start codon
-AAUAAA
-poly-A tail
-stop codon
-5'-UTR
-3'-UTR
Describe 5' capping.
addition of guanosine monophosphate to 5' end via a 5'-to-5' triphosphate linkage and subsequent methylation of guanine and sometimes additional nucleotides to the pre-mRNA
3' poly-A tail
cleavage of pre-mRNA downstream of polyadenylation sequence by cleavage factors and addition of 20-200 A nucleotides
Describe intron splicing.
removal of intron from pre-mRNA and joining of adjacent exons by spliceosome