list the 2 types of cellular reproduction:
1.mitosis
2.meiosis
type of nuclear division resulting in 2 identical (genetically the same) daughter cells
mitosis
specialized type of nuclear division which results in 4 genetically different daughter cells
meiosis
type of division used in growth (EX: liver reproduction or skin cell reproduction)
mitosis
results in 2 genetically identical diploid cells
mitosis
results in 4 genetically different haploid cells
meiosis
list the 6 stages of mitosis: PMAT
1.interphase
2.prophase
3.metaphase
4.anaphase
5.telophase
6.cytokinesis
what happens in the first 1/3 of interphase?
-cell growth
-normal cell function
-organelle duplication
what happens in the second 2/3 of interphase?
DNA replication
what happens in the last 3/3 of interphase?
protein synthesis
cell spends a majority of time in what stage?
interphase
in what phase does "actual" mitosis begin?
prophase
-chromosomes condense and become visible
-nuclear membrane disapears
prophase
sticky part of the chromosome that holds sister chromatids together
centromere
-chromosomes align in the equatorial plane of the cell
-spindle fibers appear
metahase
-chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers
anaphase
-chromosomes organize themselves and the nuclear envelope develops
telophase
what is the last stage of mitosis
telophase
chromosomes elongate to become
chromatin (long thin strands of DNA)
Interpahse--> ??? ---> ???
Mitosis (PMAT) ---> Cytokinesis
-division of the cytoplasm
-results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells
cytokinesis
2N = ?
Diploid (# of chromosomes per body cell)
humans are 2N, what does that mean?
humans are diploid, have 46 chromosmes per body cell
1N = ?
haploid (1/2 the # of chromosmes per body cell)
1N is found where?
in gametes (the sex cell)
-sperm = 23 chromo
-egg = 23 chromo
Meiosis has 2 what?
2 nuclear divisions; meiosis 1 & meiosis 2
what is the end result of meiosis?
4 genetically different daughter cells that have half the # of chromo that the mother has (haploid cell)
List the stages of meiosis 1 & meiosis 2:
Meiosis 1:
1.interphase 1
2.prophase 1
3.metaphase 1
4.anaphase 1
5.telophase 1
6.cytokinesis 1
Meiosis 2:
1.prohase 2
2. metaphase 2
3.anaphase 2
4.telophase 2
5. cytokinesis
what phase does crossing over occur?
metaphase 1
is there an interphase between meiosis 1 & 2?
no
through meiosis what do we end up with?
2 genetically different daughter cells (haploid cells)
Female: ovary --> ovule (contains the egg) -->
end up with 4 cells but 3 degenerate, left with 1 functional egg
Male: stem --> anther -->
meiosis (4 sperm)
study of variation and its inheritance
genetics
differences that occur in offspring of a particular species
variation
observable characteristics (ex; eye color, hair color)
traits
a Gene is an organized unit of ______
DNA
a site on a chromosome:
gene
genes occur ___________ in a diploid organism
in pairs (one set given by each parent)
genes determine ____________ characteristics of an organism
hereditary
genes occur in a ________ ____________ on a chromosome
linear sequence
Gene (_______) is a code _______
DNA; RNA
genes (DNA) are a code inside the nucleus, RNA (gene is transcribed in RNA)
alternate forms of a gene
alleles
what are the 2 types of alleles?
1. dominant
2. recessive
a trait that is always expresses
-a capital letter
dominant allele
a trait suppressed by a dominant allele
-lower case letter
recessive allele
alleles are the same
homozygous gene (ex: RR or rr)
alleles are different
heterozygous gene (Ex: Rr)
recessive trait can be expressed, but only in___________form
homozygous recessive (ex: rr)