Where is pathogen most likely located?
the muscle
Why does edema occur?
it can dilute out toxins by the bacteria
What do microbes release?
Toxins to damage the tissue.
What are endothelial cells?
1. induce cyclooxyrgenase-2 [cox-2], transcription regulator, turns on synthesis, PROSTAGLANDINS
-secreted from the cell, interact with other cells
Name the five functions associated with Prostaglandin E2.
1. mucosal repair, angiogenesis
2. sensitize pain receptors
3. inflammation --> vasodialation
4. increase in fever
5. chemotaxis for immune cells
What are two important cytokines?
Prostaglandin E
Name the functions of Prostaglandin I2 [prostacyclin]?
1.Vasodialtion
2. Anti-coagulation - don't want bacteria stuck in a clot, some bacterial add coagulation factors to keep the bacteria hidden.
The macrophage wants to find a bacteria and if there is a blood clot then the macrophage will not see the bacteri
Whenever you think of immune response; think of which cyclooxgenase gene regulatory factor?
COX 2
What are the functions of COX-1? NOT IMMUNE RELATED
1. constitutive, always on
2. stomach protection
3. pro-coagulators; increases thromboxane
What is the function of a NSAIDS - non steroidal anti inflammatory drug?
target, COX [ cyclooxyrgenase]
What are the functions of COX-2?
fever, edema, anticoagulation, help direct fluids to infection.
What type of drugs can inhibit the immune system?
1. steroids
2. somewhat of NSAIDSb inhibit the fever and edema responses -prostaglandins
What is the first immune defense?
prostaglandins e, i [cox2]
What is the function of nitric oxide in the immuno-response?
a protein that is broad spectrum; synthesized in endothelial and macrophage
1. anti-coaglulation
2. vasodialation
3. back-up mechanism for prostaglandin I, E
4. anti-microbial activity, helps prevent DNA damage and creates energy through the Kreb's cycle
What is the function of C- reactive protein?
Increases upon significant infection; binds to the bacteria which has infected the cell and acts as a label recognition mechanism.
Where is C- reactive protein synthesized?
Liver cells after receiving signals from the macrophage
Should there be bacteria in muscular tissue or blood?
According to research; no.
The muscles and blood should be sterilized, unfortunately
Where is it ok to have bacteria?
intestines, stomach - external"ish" environment
What protein should be measured in auto-immune patients?
C-reactive protein
What are the novel studies concerned with regard to C-reactive protein
Cardiac disease
What three things can activate immune cells, which are also released from endothelial cells?
1. NO
2. PGE2
3. PGI2
What cells are scanning 24/7?
Neutrophils; many located in spleen.
What is the first thing activated by the immune system?
the macrophage [MO]
What do macrophages release?
cytokines
What is the incubation period?
The time when your don't experience symptoms because the virus/bacteria is growing unchecked
What is the role of a neutrophil?
1. 55% of all white blood cells
2. function as a part of the innate immune system
3. Phagocytosis
4. Garbage man, engulf and digest- city workers they don't really love their job but they still do it.
5. Environmental cleaner.
6. Very generalized and they
What do neutrophils release?
1. DNA into the environment, which sets up a neutrophil extracellular trap
2. Secretes protein Defensin which kills bacteria
What is the main function of the neutrophil?
Keep the infection from spreading; keep it localized; make a spiderweb of DNA