The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were toleration to all except (wth is up with the last part of that question?)
Locke and Newton
After 1688, Great Britain permitted religious toleration to all except
Unitarians and Roman Catholics
This nation was significantly freer than any other European nation at the beginning of the Enlightenment
England
An expanding literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasing influential social force called
public opinion
All of the following can be said of the 18th century Enlightenment EXCEPT
it reflected acceptance of social inequities and injustice as inevitable effects of natural law
The Enlightenment
was based upon the assumption that science and reason can explain all things
Liberty" in the 18th century thought, can best be described as
human rights and the sovereignty of the people
The scientists, thinkers, and writers of the scientific revolution gave 18th century Europe a belief in
�progress
�natural law
�hope of the future
�education
Writers of the Enlightenment were primarily interested in
changing the relationship between people and their government
The 18th century philosophes believed that society could best achieve progress through
scientific empricism
The salon was a weekly gathering held in the home of one of the dominant ladies of the
society, at which dinner was usually served, cards usually played, but conversation led by
the hostess predominated. A few salons were known as having the ideal mixtur
Paris during the Enlightenment
Mary Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill both wrote
tracts on liberty and the rights of women
Hobbes and Rousseau both agreed that
a monarch has absolute power
The group most severely criticized in the works of Voltaire, the French philosophe, was the
Roman Catholic clergy
The 18th century Enlightenment philosophes were primarily concerned with
critical and inquiring approaches to knowledge
Which of the following is most characteristic of Voltaire's ideas?
empiricism and religious toleration are to be celebrated
Jean-Jacques Rousseau differed significantly from other Enlightenment philosophes in his
emphasis on emotions and his admiration for the "noble salvage
Philosophes criticized the Christian church for all of the following EXCEPT
taking too limited a role in national poilitics
The philosophes used reason to address
social issues
Which of the following is NOT true of the philosophes?
they used their positions as university professors to influence society
The style of the Enlightenment literature made famous by Voltaire was
the satire
Voltaire's greatest concern was
the freedom of the religion and the press
Voltaire's Candide reveals that the Enlightenment thought was not always
optimistic
When popes and priests define their dogmas and discipline their followers, corruption is the rule and abuse is the result. Crush the infamous thing! The simple beauty of Christ's message has been lost in ignorance and encrusted with superstition."
The sp
Voltaire
Many philosophes, such as Voltaire, believed that governmental reform would be accomplished by
benevolent absolutist monarchs
Voltaire and Montesquieu had a similar outlook in their opinions about
England
The main purpose of the French salons was to
provide a forum where men of letters could exchange ideas
Which of the following was argued by John Locke in the Second Treatise of Government
the government must always protect the people's rights to property
The book System of Nature (1770), by the Baron d'Holbach, was one of the most radical texts of the Enlightenment because of its
materialism
All of the following are examples of the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau EXCEPT
the proper role of government is to protect individual property
The virtuous citizen should be willing to subordinate his own self-interest to the general good of the community"
In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes said that government is a "contact
between the ruler and those governed; those being ruled should turn over all authority to the ruler to ensure security and order
The philosophes were primarily
journalists and popularizers of the of the Enlightenment
According to John Locke, the purpose of government is to protect
life, liberty, and property
In his political commentary, French philosopher Montesquieu most admired England for its
division of power
Rousseau can be considered an early Romantic thinker primarily because he
admired the peasant and, even more, the uncivilized
Voltaire's famous slogan "crush the horrible thing" refers to
religion
Montesquieu, in his Spirit of the Laws, was inspired by the system of government in
Great Britain
Whose Spirit of the Laws, in 1748, served as a basis for the American Constitution's "separation of powers
Montesquieu
Rousseau's Emile influenced the way people viewed childhood
by emphasizing that children were not merely small adults
Which is the most accurate statement pertaining to the philosophes of the 18th century
they were primarily reformers
Thomas Jefferson advocated which of the following ideas, which had its origins in the writing of John Locke, in the American Declaration of Independence?
the purpose of government is to protect individual rights
Which of the following presented the most radical challenge to the traditional ruling regimes of the 18th century?
Rousseau's notion that a lawful government must be continually responsible to the general will of the people
Which of the following is NOT part of Rousseau's thought?
all religion is based on "hope and fear
Hobbes and Locke DISAGREED in their belief that
the natural state of men is one of war
Locke argued that the primary aim for government is
to assure the right to property
Which of the following best expresses Voltaire's views concerning religion?
organized religion perpetuates superstition and ignorance
The two major points on the Deist's creed were
the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one's earthly actions and the existence of a rational God
Which of the following figures came closest to atheism in their religious thinking?
Baron d'Holbach
According to Ethics, the most famous of his works, this man closely identified God and nature, an idea for which his contemporaries condemned him
Spinoza
This 18th century philosopher was known as the "Jewish Socrates
Mendelsohn
Pascal and other critics saw this as an exceptionally carnal or sexually promiscuous religion because of his teaching that heaven was a place of sensuous delights
Islam
The religious belief of the majority of the philosophes was
Deism
Which of the following holds that God is no longer active in the world
Deism
What was the "religion of the Enlightenment"?
Deism
The Enlightenment concept of a remote God who does not interfere in the operations of his creation is
Deism
Deists such as Voltaire believe that
God created the universe but then plays no additional role in shaping the course of events
The 18th century deists
believed in a rational world that operated according to natural law