noun
Person, Place, Thing, or Idea; it can be used as the subject, direct object, objective complement, object of the preposition, and predicate nominative. Test to find a noun: If you can put a, an, or the in front of it, and it make sense, it's a noun(does n
pronoun
Takes the place of a noun. This part of speech can function in almost every way a noun does. It can be your subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and predicate nominative
verb
Expresses action or state of being
adverb
Modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs answer the questions:when, where, why, how, and to what degree. Most ly words are adverbs
adjective
A word that describes a noun or pronoun. An adjective answers the questions: which one, what kind, how many, and how much. It does not have to be side by side with a noun, it can follow the verb.
preposition
A word used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence. Examples: in, under, near, behind, to, from, over. Remember: the prepositional phrase is, most of the time, moveable, it can't have a subject, verb, or complemen
interjection
A word that expresses emotion
conjunction
A word used to join words or groups of words. Remember: Conjunctions don't have to be in the middle of the sentence, sometimes they are at the beginning.
Syntax
the arrangement of words and the order of grammatical elements in a sentence; word order.
Conjugation
The process of taking a verb through its tenses
Complement
A word or words that complete the meaning of the verb or subject: direct object, indirect object, objective complement, predicate adjective, predicate nominative
to be or state of being verbs
am is, are, was, were, be, being, been
compound sentence
two independent clauses combined with a conjunction
complex sentence
a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
compound complex sentence
contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
subject
who or what the sentence is about. The subject must be a noun or pronoun.
direct object
The object that receives the direct action of the verb.It is a complement. It will ALWAYS follow an action verb, never a linking. The direct object must be a noun or pronoun. It will answer the question what or whom of the action verb. Ask what first, if
indirect object
A noun or pronoun that answers the question to whom or for whom of the action verb and direct object. It is a complement. In the syntax of the sentence the indirect object will ALWAYS come before the direct object. The indirect object always is a noun or
Transitive verb
An action verb that takes an object.
intransitive verb
A verb (or verb construction) that does not take an object. All linking verbs are intransitive, and if the action verb does not take an object it is also intransitive.
Objective Complement
An adjective or noun that appears with a direct object and describes or renames it. It is a complement. It completes the meaning of the direct object and usually comes directly after the direct object in the syntax of the sentence.
Antecedent
The word for which the pronoun stands.
Ex: John left his shoes in the car. His is the pronoun, and John is the word to which his refers.
Four types of Sentences
Imperative-Gives a command. Usually starts with a verb and has an understood You as it's subject. Exclamatory-Shows excitment. Ends with an exclamation mark. Interrogatory-Asks a question. Usually begins with one of the (w) words, when, where, why, who. (
Phrase
A group of words having a subject or verb but not both., A group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject
Clause
A group of words having a subject and verb.
Independent clause
It has a subject, verb, and complete thought. It is the same as a simple sentence. It can stand along.
Dependent clause
It has a subject and verb but no complete thought. It is dependent on the complete thought to make if complete.
Verbal
a verb form used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The verbals are: the infinitive, gerund, and participle.
An infinitive
It is a verbal. It is a verb proceeded by to and acts like or functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
Gerund
It is a verbal. It is a verb with ing added to it, and it acts like or functions as a noun.
Participle
It is a verbal. It is a verb with either ing or ed added to it, and it acts like or functions as an adjective.
Sentence Patterns
These patterns reflect the syntax of the sentence. They are: SAV, SAVDO, SAVIODO, SAVDOOC,SLVPA, SLVPN
Three cases of personal pronouns
The three cases of personal pronouns are: Nominative Case- These personal pronouns can be your subject, predicate nominative, and the subject of a dependent clause. Objective Case-These personal pronouns can be a direct object, indirect object, object of
Interrogative pronoun
Begin sentences that ask questions--they are:who, whom, whose, which, and what.
Relative pronoun
a word that begins a subordinate clause and relates it to another idea in the sentence: who, whom, whose, which and that.
Indefinite pronoun
a pronoun that does not refer to a specific, person, place, thing, or idea; examples: everyone, everything, everybody, anybody, many, most, few, each, some, someone, all, nothing, nobody, and no one. Many of the indefinite pronouns sound plural but they a
Five plural indefinite pronouns
Both, few, several. many, others---These plural pronouns always take a plural verb
Five indefinite pronouns that can be singular or plural
All, any much none, some---These pronouns can be singular or plural depending on the context of the sentence.
demonstrative pronoun
pronouns that point out specific things. the demonstrative pronouns are: this, that, these those. example: These are the oldest curtains in the house.
demonstrative adjective
demonstrative adjectives point out specific nouns. they are: this, that, these, those. example: These curtains are so old.