True or false? No one can remember every single day of his or her adult life.
false only about 20 known in the world have superior autobiographical memory
Memory
If building to store news information; also the store of what has been learned and remembered
Three - stage model of memory
The classification of memories based on duration as sensory, short-term, and long-term
Sensory memory
The part of memory that holds information in its original sensory form for very brief period of time, usually about half a second or less
Short-term memory
The part of memory that temporarily (2 to 30 seconds) the seas stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred to long-term storage or forgotten
Long-term memory
The part of memory that has the capacity to store a bastard mount of information for as little as 30 seconds as long as a lifetime
Working memory
The part of memory required to attend to and solve the problem at hand; often used interchangeably with short-term memory
Difference between short-term and working memory
Although we will use the term short-term memory and working memory interchangeably, baron mind that short-term memory emphasizes the duration of this type of memory, where is the term working memory emphasizes its function
Short-term memory capacity
The number of items that can be held in short-term memory usually about seven items. Most people is between five and nine units of letters digits and chunks of information but there are some substantial individual differences in the capacity some people s
Chunking
The process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units
Examples of chunking
Phone numbers instead of 4155557982, break it up to 415-555-7982.
Social Security numbers instead of 555668888, break it up to 555-66-8889
Three distinct processes of working memory
Attending to stimulus, storing information about the stimulus, and rehearsing the store process to help solve a problem
Three temporary storage systems
Visuospatial sketchpad, Episodic buffer, phonological loop
Central executive
Decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of stimulants
Visuospatial sketchpad
Images and spatial relations are stored
Episodic buffer
Events and experiences are stored
Phonological loop
Language and sounds are stored
Rehearsal
The process of repeatedly practicing material, so that it enters long-term memory
Serial position effect
The tendency to have better recall for items in a list according to their position in the list (top and bottom most often remembered)
Implicit memory
The type of memory made up of knowledge based on previous experience, such as skills we perform automatically once we have mastered them; it resides outside conscious awareness
Procedural memory
The type of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skill we learn
Priming
A kind of implicit memory that arises when a recall is improved by earlier exposure to the same or similar stimuli
Explicit memory
Knowledge that consists of the conscious recall of facts and events; also known as declarative memory
Semantic memory
The form of memory that recalls fax and general knowledge, such as what we learned in school
Episodic memory
Before my memory there because the experiences we have had
Encoding
The process by which the brain attends to you, takes in, and integrates new information; the first and absolute crucial stage of long-term memory formation
Automatic processing
Encoding of information that occurs with little effort or conscious attention to the task
Effortful processing
Encoding of information that occurs with careful attention and conscious effort
Types of implicit memory
Procedural memory and priming
Types of explicit memory
Semantic memory and episodic memory
The order of obtaining long-term memory
Sensory input -> sensory memory -> short-term memory -> long-term memory
Stages in long-term memory
Encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval
Levels of processing
The concept that, the more deeply people encode information, the better they will recall it
Mnemonic device
A method, such as a rhythm or an acronym, device to help people remember information
Consolidation
The process of establishing, Stabilizing, or solidifying a memory; the second stage of long-term memory formation
Storage
The retention of memory overtime; the third stage of long-term memory formation
Hierarchies
A way of organizing related pieces of information from the most specific feature they have in common to the most general
Schemas
Mental framework that develop from our experiences with particular people, objects, and events
Associative network
The chain of associations between related concepts
Retrieval
The recovery of information stored in memory; the fourth stage of long-term memory
Prefrontal cortex
The front most region of the frontal lobes; it plays an important role in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory
Long term potentiation (LTP)
The strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when a synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron
Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS)
Electrical stimulation of the brain
True or false? mild electrical stimulation to the brain cannot enhance memory
False: various studies support the idea that mild electrical stimulation of the brain can improve memory
True or false? Emotional memories are easier to recall the non-emotional memories
True: strong emotional experiences are often the most remembered experiences
True or false? Memory of dramatic events cannot be inherited from a previous generation
False: condition fears are experienced in mice one and two generations removed from the original conditioned fear
Flashbulb memories
Detailed, especially vivid memories of very specific, highly charged events
Pos-ttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A condition that forces suffers to relive terrifying events over and over.
Forgetting
The weakening or loss of memories
Interference
Disruption of memory that occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall
Retroactive interference
Disruption of memory that occurs when new experiences or information cause people to forget previously learned experiences or information
Proactive interference
Disruption of memory that occurs in previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information
Forgetting curve
Graphic depiction of how recall steadily declined overtime
Absent-mindedness
A form of forgetfulness that results from inattention
Blocking
The inability to retrieve some information that once was stored
Repression
The in conscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness
Suggestibility
A memory problem that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions by someone else or some other source
False memories
Memories for events that never happened that were suggested by someone or something
True or false? Eyewitness memories are usually accurate
False: eyewitness memories, even if their reported soon after the crime, range from wildly inaccurate to severely in accurate
Recovered memory
A memory supposedly from a really bent; it was encoded and stored but not retrieved for a long period of time, until later than brings it suddenly brings it to consciousness
Amnesia
Memory loss due to brain injury or disease
Anterograde amnesia
An inability to remember events and experiences that occur after an injury or the onset of a disease
Retrograde amnesia
An inability to recall events or experiences that happen before the onset of the disease or injury
The forgetting curve is associated with what famous researcher?
Ebbinghaus
The AUDITORY CORTEX is processed in what lobe?
Temporal
Long- term memory has__ distinct types and __ distinct stages of processing.
2;4
Process in short term memory.
Rehearsing, attending, storing
Memory which is a brief visual record is what memory?
Iconic memory
Steps on how memories are formed
1. Strong repeated stimulation temporarily strengthens a synapse
2. CREB activates like jeans causing them to be transmitted into mRNA
3. mRNA instructions are translated into the synapse strengthening proteins
What are some true statements about Alzheimer's disease
It is an organic brain disease, people with Alzheimer's experience memory loss due to antrograde amnesia, The memory loss can because by retroactive interference