Centrum
The solid central part of a vertebra, to which the arches and processes are attached.
Cevrons
attached" to caudal vertabrae. Muscle attachments. Protect blood vessels for the tail. Neural arch
Prosauropods
Long neck for cropping high veggies
-spatulate teeth serration 45 degree to cutting edges like iguana)
-offset of jaw allows tooth rows to be almost parallel
-jaw hinge below the line of upper tooth row
- blood vessel on the outside of the jaw
main evolut
Sauropod
-gigantic quadrupeds herbivores
-tiny head
-long tails
-dorsal nostrils
-75 genera of sauropods
Carnarasaurid - (Camarasaurus)
Short and heavy
Blunt snout
Spoon shaped teeth.
Diplodocoid - (Diplodocus)
Long and slender. Long snout. Peg- like teeth in front of mouth.
sauropodomorphs
Spatulate teeth, sauropod and prosauropod ancestry, Long necks for cropping high veggies, Cheeks present to retain food while chewing (blood vessel on outside of jaw) Jaws below the line of upper row of teeth, Jaw offset small to large allowed moving para
Social behavior
a) mass death assemblages - track ways
b) Dinosaur National Park - Migration Dinosaur National Monument - Diplodocus Carnegie Museum - Earl Douglass
Orinthopods
Bipedal or facultatively quadrupedal
Lack body armor
Longest living dino group
Five Families
Iguanodontae
Gideon Mantell
� Heavy built
� Hoof-like toe tips
� Large head
� Toothless beak
� Dental batteries
� Bernissart - 39 individuals
� Luis Dollo
� Underground mine
Hadrosaurids
Large ornithopods, Dental batteries, Replacement teeth, Jaws deep and long, Id by skull
2 types of hadrosaurids
Hadrosaurines "roman nose" Lambeosarines "crested
Crest function
To smell and moisten air Snorkels
Ankylosaurs (general Chara)
Fused lizards"
Medium-sized
� Quadrupedal
� Plant eating ornithischians
� Small heads
� Leaf-shaped and non-interlocking
teeth
� continuous dorsal shield
� Spikes and spines (maybe)
� Club at end of tail
� Fenestra closed in front eye
� Top skull more pl
Nodosaurids
No club
� Small thin head
� Nasal passages simple
Ankylosaurids
Heads wide and armored (as
wide as long)
� Triangular horns at posterior
corners
� Lateral temporal fenestrae covered
� Complex nasal passages
� Last couple of caudal vert braced by ossified tendons
� Club at the end of caudals
� Club made of plates
� Bal
Thyreophorans
Armored
� Quadrupedal
� One or more rows of
armor
� Plate alongside the vert.
Primitive Thyreophorans
� Relatively small
� Body covered with bony
plates (evol. Novelty)
� Longer hind legs than
front
� Herbivore
� Keel and ventral
excavations
� Leaf-shaped teeth
Stegosauria
Plated lizards"
� Armored plates on their backs
� Medium-sized to large
� Quadrupedal, herbivorous orthischians
� Small heads, short and massive forelegs.
� Long, columnar hind legs and short stout
feet with
� hooves on the end of toes
� Vertical bony pl
Neoceratopsia (2 groups)
Protoceratopsians/ceratopsians
Evolutionary Novelties: Marginochephala
rostral bone
narrow beak
flaring jugal (cheeks)
deep jugal with distinct ridge frill
highly vaulted palate
Evolutionary novelties: Protoceratops
Longer frill than more prim
Sexual dimorphism- bump on snout
Egg nests
Mass kills
Ceratopsians
Habitual quadrupeds
� Very large skulls
� Large nostrils
� Late Cretaceous of NA
� Prominent frill and horns
Pachyrhinosaurines
� More primitive
� Short high face
� Post nasal horn core
� Short frill
Ceratopsines
Pair post orbital horns, Long low faces, More advanced, Long frill, Skulls biggest in dinos
Triceratops
No holes in shield
Pair post orbital horns
� Long low faces
� More advanced
� Long frill
� Skulls biggest in dinos
What is function of horns and frill?
frill shape function of muscle attachments for jaw
� Display - species specific - some sexual dimorphism
� Thermoregulation
� Shield ---- too much vascularization
Intraspecies combat
North American
Pachycephalosauria
Bipedal
Greatly thickened bones of the roof of skull
Upper Cret
Sharp canine-like teeth rest, veggie-like
NO POST CRANIAL SKEL, FOUND
Dome-like thickening of skull, No supratemporal openings
pachycephalosauria: Cretaceous
1. Unique features:
2. Long and low illium
3. Long tail wit ossified tendons
4. Joints between vert. Ridged - locked to stabilize back
5. Head at an angle to vert. Column Normal posture head hung down dome forward
Marginochephala
Groups linked by shelf frill Late Cretaceous in age Ceratopsia (2 groups)
Psittacosaurus -
Primitive ancestor to the ceratopsians. Low. Cret. Asia - Paul Sereno, Short frill, Cheek teeth broad, flat wear surfaces - self sharpening, Jaws inset from skull - suggest cheek pouches
Ceratopsidae
Horny dinosaurs. Prominent frills. Variety of horns. 4 to 8 meters. Habitual quadrapeds. Very large skulls- 1 to 2.4 m long. Large nostrils. Late cretaceous of NA. Other reports too fragmentary.
Ceratopsine
Nasal horn is bigger than pachyrhinosaurines
What is function of horns and frill?
Frill shape function of muscle attachments for jaw Display- species specific- some sexual dimorphism Thermoregulation
Neural arch
the curved rear (dorsal) section of a vertebra, enclosing the canal through which the spinal cord passes.
Diplodocoid Bodies
Long Lightly built weighted less than
Increased number of vertebrae
Neural spines deep grove
Tails 80 vertebra minimum
Wrist and angle
Bernissart
39 individuals
Luis Dollo
Underground mine
Lambeosarines
� Crest function?
� Snorkels?
� Space for glands
� Deflection of foliage
� Signal device
� Sexual dimorphism
� Resonating chamber
� Sandia labs
Sauropodomorphs
two groups:
a) Prosauropods
b) Sauropods
Orinthopods have 5 families that consist of
Heterdontosauridae smallest
Iguanodontidae largest
Heterodontasuridae
Hypsilophontidae -unique jaw mechanics
Iguanodontae
Stegosaurids
Arrangement of plates
� Small heads
� Size of brain(walnut or kitten)
� Herbivores
� Gait
� Plates
� Defense(plates)
� Flat against side
� Cover only small portion of back - belly + legs unprotected
Vascularization
- filled with blood.
James Farlow
- radiators and solar panels (Engine)
Neoceratopsia: Evolutionary Novelties
� Extremely large head
� Broad and prominent frill
� Pointed and sharply keeled
rostrum
� Limbs of obligate quadruped
� Best fossil record of any group
� Protoceratopsians