Amendment 22
(1951) President can only serve two elected terms.
Amendment 23
(1961) Washington D.C. residents can vote for president.
Amendment 24
(1964) banned the use of poll taxes in elections..
Amendment 26
(1971) voting age lowered to 18 yrs old.
Indian Citizenship Act
(1924) Gave native peoples the rights of American Citizens. Prior NA were considered members of tribal governments.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
(1965) Further protected rights of voters by reinforcing 15th amendment. Outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes as requirements for voting which had been used to discriminate against African Americans..
Miranda v. Arizona (1969)
Supreme Court decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination (forced confessions) and to protect their right to counsel (lawyer). Protects right against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment. As a result of this case, rights must be read prior to police questioning.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Cased decided that the Supreme Court and other courts have the power to decide whether something is unconstitutional. Courts can strike down government actions that violate the Constitution. This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. Courts claimed "social equality" (like riding a train) was not protected under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson; declared that racially segregated (separated) school facilities violate the Fourteenth Amendment, and are inherently unequal: court ordered all public schools desegregated (meaning against Fourteenth Amendment if black and white children could not attend the same school).
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys. (Remember poor old "you know who" writing his letter to the Supreme Court from prison?!)
in re Gault (1967)
Supreme Court decided that the 14th amendment Due Process Clause (notice of charges, right to a lawyer, right to remain silent, right to confront witnesses) applies to juveniles (kids) as well as adults who have been charged with a crime (remember the indecent phone call). Established the broad principle that young persons have constitutional rights.
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
The Supreme Court ruled that wearing black arm-bands in protest of the Vietnam war was "pure speech" or symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment; Said it's unconstitutional to deny students the right to free speech at school, unless the students' speech disrupts school
activities.
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmier (1988)
Supreme Court ruled that a public school can edit what is in the school news paper. The school paper is for circulation among the school, therefore not violating First Amendment speech when principal removes/edits contents of paper. Put simply: U.S. Supreme Court case that determined that the First Amendment does not protect all types of student speech in school.
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was included in the Constitution, but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions; the president is not above the law (rule of law), and the Constitution comes before the president's wishes. This U.S. Supreme Court case limited executive privilege.
Bush v. Gore (2000)
Supreme Court ruled that recounting the votes in certain counties of Florida was unconstitutional because of equal protection of the law; determined that states cannot violate
the Equal Protection Clause under the Fourteenth Amendment when undertaking election recounts. Court decided that equal protection would be violated because it would be unfair to recount ballots in some districts and not others.
Youngstown v. Sawyer (1952)
President Truman discovered steel workers were planning a strike. He ordered Sec. of Commerce to nationalize steel mines and have the gov. run them. Truman couldn't because of the Supreme Court ruling that the president wasn't allowed to take possession of private property.
District of Columbia v. Heller (2007)
Supreme Court ruling that the DC's gun control law was unconstitutional and that the 2nd amendment protects the fundamental right of individuals to own guns.
Segregate
To keep separate or apart
Supremacy Clause
The clause that states that the U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and that national laws are supreme over state laws, found in Article VI.
Judicial Review
The power of the U.S. courts to examine the laws or actions of the legislative and executive branches of the government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the U.S.
Constitution.
Equal Protection Clause
the section of the Fourteenth Amendment that says that states must apply the law equally and cannot discriminate against citizens or groups of citizens.
Which case involved Watergate?
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Which case led to the Executive Branch stepping in and sending the National Guard to enforce the Supreme Court decision?
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Which case involved newspaper articles by high school students about pregnancy and divorce?
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmier (1988)
Which case involved President John Adams appointment of men to be judges and President Jefferson refusing to honor appointments when elected to office?
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Magna Carta
1215 document that listed the rights of English citizens and limited the power of the English king. Rights included trial by jury, no taxation without representation, protection of the law, and habeas corpus
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Believed in social contract.
Montesque
French philosopher who argued that liberty was best protected by separation of powers.
Rule of Law
All people must follow the laws, and the laws should be enforced fairly.
Magna Carta
A government document that limited the power of the king of England and protected the rights of the nobility. It was written by the English nobility in 1215.
Mayflower Compact
An agreement among individuals that created a government that would provide order and protect the rights of the colonists. It was written by a group of English Pilgrims as they traveled to Massachusetts in 1620. Big ideas: self government and Rule of Law.
Common Sense
Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to convince the American colonists to support becoming independent from England. Written in 1776.
English bill of rights
a government document that expanded the powers of the English
Parliament and expanded the rights of the people, as well as further
limited the rights of the king; written by the members of the
English Parliament in 1689.
Votaire
Enlightenment thinker who believed everyone should have freedom of religion and speech.
absolute monarchy
a form of autocracy where a person becomes the sole leader of a country by being born into a family of rulers
anarchy
the absence of any form of government
autocracy
a form of government where one person has unlimited power
communism
a form of government in which a single ruling party owns and controls all production and distribution of goods, and in which no private ownership is allowed
democracy
a system of government in which political power resides with the people
dictatorship
a form of autocracy where a military leader becomes the leader of a country often through violent means
direct democracy
a form of government in which the power to govern lies directly in the hands of the people rather than through elected representatives
form of government
the way a government is structured
monarchy
a form of government headed by a king or queen who inherits the position, rules for life, and holds power that can range anywhere between limited to absolute
oligarchy
a form of government in which a small group has total control and power
representative democracy
a system of government in which the people elect representatives to make policies and laws for them, also known as a republic
republic
a system of government in which the people elect representatives to make policies and laws for them, also known as a representative democracy
socialism
an economic system in which the government owns the primary means of production
abolish
to end
assent
to agree
consent of the governed
an agreement made by the people to establish a government and abide by its laws
deprive
to take something away
derive
to take
despotism
a system of government where the ruler has unlimited power
dissolve
to bring to an end
endow
to be given something naturally
grievance
a complaint
impel
to urge
impose
to establish by using authority or power
institute
to establish
natural rights
the belief that individuals are born with basic rights that cannot be taken away by governments
oppression
the use of authority or power in a cruel or unjust manner
quarter
to house
rectitude
the quality or state of being correct
self-evident
obvious, having no need of proof
tyranny
a government in which a single ruler possesses and abuses absolute power
tyrant
a single ruler that possess and abuses absolute government power
unalienable rights
basic rights of the people that may not be taken away
usurpation
the act of exercising power by force
Bill of Rights
the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution
Declaration of Independence
a document written in 1776 that listed the basis for democratic government and the grievances of the colonists
Articles of Confederation
the first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1781 and replaced in 1789
confederation
a system of government where power is located with the independent states and there is little power in the central government
Constitutional Convention
a meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 where delegates decided to throw out the Articles of Confederation and draft the Constitution
debt
something owed; such as money
Shays' Rebellion
an event when 2000 Massachusetts farmers rebelled against land foreclosures and debt from the Revolutionary War
Articles of Confederation
the first constitution of the United States
enforce
to carry out effectively
absolute monarchy
a form of autocracy where a person becomes the sole leader of a country by being born into a family of rulers
anarchy
the absence of any form of government
autocracy
a form of government where one person has unlimited power
communism
a form of government in which a single ruling party owns and controls all production and distribution of goods, and in which no private ownership is allowed
democracy
a system of government in which political power resides with the people
dictatorship
a form of autocracy where a military leader becomes the leader of a country often through violent means
direct democracy
a form of government in which the power to govern lies directly in the hands of the people rather than through elected representatives
form of government
the way a government is structured
monarchy
a form of government headed by a king or queen who inherits the position, rules for life, and holds power that can range anywhere between limited to absolute
oligarchy
a form of government in which a small group has total control and power
representative democracy
a system of government in which the people elect representatives to make policies and laws for them, also known as a republic
republic
a system of government in which the people elect representatives to make policies and laws for them, also known as a representative democracy
socialism
an economic system in which the government owns the primary means of production
checks and balances
a principle of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other branches
consent of the governed
an agreement made by the people to establish a government and abide by its laws
Enlightenment
a period in European history when many educated people stressed the importance of learning and reasoning; education was considered the key to understanding and solving society's problems
individual liberty
a person's ability to be free and independent
influence
having an effect or impact on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc., of another or others
natural law
laws passed by government to protect natural rights
natural rights
the belief that individuals are born with basic rights that cannot be taken away by governments; life, liberty, and property
separation of powers
the structure of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that sets up three branches with their own distinct powers and responsibilities
social contract
an implied agreement among the people of an organized society that defines the rights, duties, and limitations of the governed and the government
Founding Fathers
representatives from each of the 13 colonies who decided to meet and write a document stating their reasons for separation and independence from England
First Amendment
(1791) Freedom of religion, speech, the press; freedom to peaceably assemble and petition the government
Second Amendment
(1791) Right to bear arms to protect the state
Third Amendment
(1791) No soldier, in time of peace, is to be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner.
Fourth Amendment
(1791) No unreasonable searches and seizures; no warrants to search will be given without probable cause
Fifth Amendment
(1791) 1. No double jeopardy (cannot be tried for same crime again if found innocent) 2. can not be forced to be witness against himself/herself (plead the 5th) 3. right to due process of law 4. no property taken without fair compensation
Sixth Amendment
(1791) RIGHT TO: 1. a public and speedy trial by an impartial (neutral) jury 2. be informed of charges against him/her 3. confront the witnesses against him/her 5. call witnesses to speak on his/her behalf 4. to counsel (lawyer)
Seventh Amendment
(1791) Right to a jury trial in civil matters (disagreements between individuals)
Eighth Amendment
(1791) 1. Person charged with a crime has a right to paying a fair fine (no excessive bail) 2. No cruel or unusual punishment
Ninth Amendment
(1791) Some rights are listed in the Constitution, but U.S. citizens have more rights than are listed.
Tenth Amendment
(1791) The powers not delegated (given) to the U.S. by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the states, are reserved (belong to) the states, or to the people (in that order).
Amendment 13
(1865) Abolish slavery.
Amendment 14
(1868) If you are born or naturalized in the U.S. then you are a citizen of the U.S. (originally created to protect freed slaves).
Amendment 15
(1870) states cannot prevent a person from voting because of race or color.
Amendment 19
(1920) Women get the right to vote.
checks and balances
a principle of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other branches
consent of the governed
an agreement made by the people to establish a government and abide by its laws
Enlightenment
a period in European history when many educated people stressed the importance of learning and reasoning; education was considered the key to understanding and solving society's problems
individual liberty
a person's ability to be free and independent
influence
having an effect or impact on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc., of another or others
natural law
laws passed by government to protect natural rights
natural rights
the belief that individuals are born with basic rights that cannot be taken away by governments; life, liberty, and property
separation of powers
the structure of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that sets up three branches with their own distinct powers and responsibilities
social contract
an implied agreement among the people of an organized society that defines the rights, duties, and limitations of the governed and the government
Founding Fathers
representatives from each of the 13 colonies who decided to meet and write a document stating their reasons for separation and independence from England
First Amendment
(1791) Freedom of religion, speech, the press; freedom to peaceably assemble and petition the government
Second Amendment
(1791) Right to bear arms to protect the state
Third Amendment
(1791) No soldier, in time of peace, is to be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner.
Fourth Amendment
(1791) No unreasonable searches and seizures; no warrants to search will be given without probable cause
Fifth Amendment
(1791) 1. No double jeopardy (cannot be tried for same crime again if found innocent) 2. can not be forced to be witness against himself/herself (plead the 5th) 3. right to due process of law 4. no property taken without fair compensation
Sixth Amendment
(1791) RIGHT TO: 1. a public and speedy trial by an impartial (neutral) jury 2. be informed of charges against him/her 3. confront the witnesses against him/her 5. call witnesses to speak on his/her behalf 4. to counsel (lawyer)
Seventh Amendment
(1791) Right to a jury trial in civil matters (disagreements between individuals)
Eighth Amendment
(1791) 1. Person charged with a crime has a right to paying a fair fine (no excessive bail) 2. No cruel or unusual punishment
Ninth Amendment
(1791) Some rights are listed in the Constitution, but U.S. citizens have more rights than are listed.
Tenth Amendment
(1791) The powers not delegated (given) to the U.S. by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the states, are reserved (belong to) the states, or to the people (in that order).
Amendment 13
(1865) Abolish slavery.
Amendment 14
(1868) If you are born or naturalized in the U.S. then you are a citizen of the U.S. (originally created to protect freed slaves).
Amendment 15
(1870) states cannot prevent a person from voting because of race or color.
Amendment 19
(1920) Women get the right to vote.
Amendment 22
(1951) President can only serve two elected terms.
Amendment 23
(1961) Washington D.C. residents can vote for president.
Amendment 24
(1964) banned the use of poll taxes in elections..
Amendment 26
(1971) voting age lowered to 18 yrs old.
Indian Citizenship Act
(1924) Gave native peoples the rights of American Citizens. Prior NA were considered members of tribal governments.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
(1965) Further protected rights of voters by reinforcing 15th amendment. Outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes as requirements for voting which had been used to discriminate against African Americans..
Miranda v. Arizona (1969)
Supreme Court decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination (forced confessions) and to protect their right to counsel (lawyer). Protects right against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment. As a result of this case, rights must be read prior to police questioning.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Cased decided that the Supreme Court and other courts have the power to decide whether something is unconstitutional. Courts can strike down government actions that violate the Constitution. This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. Courts claimed "social equality" (like riding a train) was not protected under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson; declared that racially segregated (separated) school facilities violate the Fourteenth Amendment, and are inherently unequal: court ordered all public schools desegregated (meaning against Fourteenth Amendment if black and white children could not attend the same school).
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys. (Remember poor old "you know who" writing his letter to the Supreme Court from prison?!)
in re Gault (1967)
Supreme Court decided that the 14th amendment Due Process Clause (notice of charges, right to a lawyer, right to remain silent, right to confront witnesses) applies to juveniles (kids) as well as adults who have been charged with a crime (remember the indecent phone call). Established the broad principle that young persons have constitutional rights.
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
The Supreme Court ruled that wearing black arm-bands in protest of the Vietnam war was "pure speech" or symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment; Said it's unconstitutional to deny students the right to free speech at school, unless the students' speech disrupts school
activities.
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmier (1988)
Supreme Court ruled that a public school can edit what is in the school news paper. The school paper is for circulation among the school, therefore not violating First Amendment speech when principal removes/edits contents of paper. Put simply: U.S. Supreme Court case that determined that the First Amendment does not protect all types of student speech in school.
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was included in the Constitution, but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions; the president is not above the law (rule of law), and the Constitution comes before the president's wishes. This U.S. Supreme Court case limited executive privilege.
Bush v. Gore (2000)
Supreme Court ruled that recounting the votes in certain counties of Florida was unconstitutional because of equal protection of the law; determined that states cannot violate
the Equal Protection Clause under the Fourteenth Amendment when undertaking election recounts. Court decided that equal protection would be violated because it would be unfair to recount ballots in some districts and not others.
Youngstown v. Sawyer (1952)
President Truman discovered steel workers were planning a strike. He ordered Sec. of Commerce to nationalize steel mines and have the gov. run them. Truman couldn't because of the Supreme Court ruling that the president wasn't allowed to take possession of private property.
District of Columbia v. Heller (2007)
Supreme Court ruling that the DC's gun control law was unconstitutional and that the 2nd amendment protects the fundamental right of individuals to own guns.
Segregate
To keep separate or apart
Supremacy Clause
The clause that states that the U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and that national laws are supreme over state laws, found in Article VI.
Judicial Review
The power of the U.S. courts to examine the laws or actions of the legislative and executive branches of the government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the U.S.
Constitution.
Equal Protection Clause
the section of the Fourteenth Amendment that says that states must apply the law equally and cannot discriminate against citizens or groups of citizens.
Which case involved Watergate?
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Which case led to the Executive Branch stepping in and sending the National Guard to enforce the Supreme Court decision?
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Which case involved newspaper articles by high school students about pregnancy and divorce?
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmier (1988)
Which case involved President John Adams appointment of men to be judges and President Jefferson refusing to honor appointments when elected to office?
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Magna Carta
1215 document that listed the rights of English citizens and limited the power of the English king. Rights included trial by jury, no taxation without representation, protection of the law, and habeas corpus
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Believed in social contract.
Montesque
French philosopher who argued that liberty was best protected by separation of powers.
Rule of Law
All people must follow the laws, and the laws should be enforced fairly.
Magna Carta
A government document that limited the power of the king of England and protected the rights of the nobility. It was written by the English nobility in 1215.
Mayflower Compact
An agreement among individuals that created a government that would provide order and protect the rights of the colonists. It was written by a group of English Pilgrims as they traveled to Massachusetts in 1620. Big ideas: self government and Rule of Law.
Common Sense
Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to convince the American colonists to support becoming independent from England. Written in 1776.
English bill of rights
a government document that expanded the powers of the English
Parliament and expanded the rights of the people, as well as further
limited the rights of the king; written by the members of the
English Parliament in 1689.
Votaire
Enlightenment thinker who believed everyone should have freedom of religion and speech.
checks and balances
a principle of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other branches
consent of the governed
an agreement made by the people to establish a government and abide by its laws
Enlightenment
a period in European history when many educated people stressed the importance of learning and reasoning; education was considered the key to understanding and solving society's problems
individual liberty
a person's ability to be free and independent
influence
having an effect or impact on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc., of another or others
natural law
laws passed by government to protect natural rights
natural rights
the belief that individuals are born with basic rights that cannot be taken away by governments; life, liberty, and property
separation of powers
the structure of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that sets up three branches with their own distinct powers and responsibilities
social contract
an implied agreement among the people of an organized society that defines the rights, duties, and limitations of the governed and the government
Founding Fathers
representatives from each of the 13 colonies who decided to meet and write a document stating their reasons for separation and independence from England
First Amendment
(1791) Freedom of religion, speech, the press; freedom to peaceably assemble and petition the government
Second Amendment
(1791) Right to bear arms to protect the state
Third Amendment
(1791) No soldier, in time of peace, is to be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner.
Fourth Amendment
(1791) No unreasonable searches and seizures; no warrants to search will be given without probable cause
Fifth Amendment
(1791) 1. No double jeopardy (cannot be tried for same crime again if found innocent) 2. can not be forced to be witness against himself/herself (plead the 5th) 3. right to due process of law 4. no property taken without fair compensation
Sixth Amendment
(1791) RIGHT TO: 1. a public and speedy trial by an impartial (neutral) jury 2. be informed of charges against him/her 3. confront the witnesses against him/her 5. call witnesses to speak on his/her behalf 4. to counsel (lawyer)
Seventh Amendment
(1791) Right to a jury trial in civil matters (disagreements between individuals)
Eighth Amendment
(1791) 1. Person charged with a crime has a right to paying a fair fine (no excessive bail) 2. No cruel or unusual punishment
Ninth Amendment
(1791) Some rights are listed in the Constitution, but U.S. citizens have more rights than are listed.
Tenth Amendment
(1791) The powers not delegated (given) to the U.S. by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the states, are reserved (belong to) the states, or to the people (in that order).
Amendment 13
(1865) Abolish slavery.
Amendment 14
(1868) If you are born or naturalized in the U.S. then you are a citizen of the U.S. (originally created to protect freed slaves).
Amendment 15
(1870) states cannot prevent a person from voting because of race or color.
Amendment 19
(1920) Women get the right to vote.
Amendment 22
(1951) President can only serve two elected terms.
Amendment 23
(1961) Washington D.C. residents can vote for president.
Amendment 24
(1964) banned the use of poll taxes in elections..
Amendment 26
(1971) voting age lowered to 18 yrs old.
Indian Citizenship Act
(1924) Gave native peoples the rights of American Citizens. Prior NA were considered members of tribal governments.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
(1965) Further protected rights of voters by reinforcing 15th amendment. Outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes as requirements for voting which had been used to discriminate against African Americans..
Miranda v. Arizona (1969)
Supreme Court decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination (forced confessions) and to protect their right to counsel (lawyer). Protects right against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment. As a result of this case, rights must be read prior to police questioning.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Cased decided that the Supreme Court and other courts have the power to decide whether something is unconstitutional. Courts can strike down government actions that violate the Constitution. This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. Courts claimed "social equality" (like riding a train) was not protected under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson; declared that racially segregated (separated) school facilities violate the Fourteenth Amendment, and are inherently unequal: court ordered all public schools desegregated (meaning against Fourteenth Amendment if black and white children could not attend the same school).
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys. (Remember poor old "you know who" writing his letter to the Supreme Court from prison?!)
in re Gault (1967)
Supreme Court decided that the 14th amendment Due Process Clause (notice of charges, right to a lawyer, right to remain silent, right to confront witnesses) applies to juveniles (kids) as well as adults who have been charged with a crime (remember the indecent phone call). Established the broad principle that young persons have constitutional rights.
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
The Supreme Court ruled that wearing black arm-bands in protest of the Vietnam war was "pure speech" or symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment; Said it's unconstitutional to deny students the right to free speech at school, unless the students' speech disrupts school
activities.
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmier (1988)
Supreme Court ruled that a public school can edit what is in the school news paper. The school paper is for circulation among the school, therefore not violating First Amendment speech when principal removes/edits contents of paper. Put simply: U.S. Supreme Court case that determined that the First Amendment does not protect all types of student speech in school.
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was included in the Constitution, but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions; the president is not above the law (rule of law), and the Constitution comes before the president's wishes. This U.S. Supreme Court case limited executive privilege.
Bush v. Gore (2000)
Supreme Court ruled that recounting the votes in certain counties of Florida was unconstitutional because of equal protection of the law; determined that states cannot violate
the Equal Protection Clause under the Fourteenth Amendment when undertaking election recounts. Court decided that equal protection would be violated because it would be unfair to recount ballots in some districts and not others.
Youngstown v. Sawyer (1952)
President Truman discovered steel workers were planning a strike. He ordered Sec. of Commerce to nationalize steel mines and have the gov. run them. Truman couldn't because of the Supreme Court ruling that the president wasn't allowed to take possession of private property.
District of Columbia v. Heller (2007)
Supreme Court ruling that the DC's gun control law was unconstitutional and that the 2nd amendment protects the fundamental right of individuals to own guns.
Segregate
To keep separate or apart
Supremacy Clause
The clause that states that the U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and that national laws are supreme over state laws, found in Article VI.
Judicial Review
The power of the U.S. courts to examine the laws or actions of the legislative and executive branches of the government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the U.S.
Constitution.
Equal Protection Clause
the section of the Fourteenth Amendment that says that states must apply the law equally and cannot discriminate against citizens or groups of citizens.
Which case involved Watergate?
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Which case led to the Executive Branch stepping in and sending the National Guard to enforce the Supreme Court decision?
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Which case involved newspaper articles by high school students about pregnancy and divorce?
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmier (1988)
Which case involved President John Adams appointment of men to be judges and President Jefferson refusing to honor appointments when elected to office?
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Magna Carta
1215 document that listed the rights of English citizens and limited the power of the English king. Rights included trial by jury, no taxation without representation, protection of the law, and habeas corpus
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Believed in social contract.
Montesque
French philosopher who argued that liberty was best protected by separation of powers.
Rule of Law
All people must follow the laws, and the laws should be enforced fairly.
Magna Carta
A government document that limited the power of the king of England and protected the rights of the nobility. It was written by the English nobility in 1215.
Mayflower Compact
An agreement among individuals that created a government that would provide order and protect the rights of the colonists. It was written by a group of English Pilgrims as they traveled to Massachusetts in 1620. Big ideas: self government and Rule of Law.
Common Sense
Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to convince the American colonists to support becoming independent from England. Written in 1776.
English bill of rights
a government document that expanded the powers of the English
Parliament and expanded the rights of the people, as well as further
limited the rights of the king; written by the members of the
English Parliament in 1689.
Votaire
Enlightenment thinker who believed everyone should have freedom of religion and speech.