Patronage
-practice of giving jobs to loyal supporters
Civil service
-all federal jobs except elected positions in the army forces
Muckrakers-
journalist who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s
Progressives
-reformers who wanted to improve American life in the late 1800s and early 1900s
Graduated income tax
-tax on earning that charges different rates for different income levels
Primary-
election in which voters choose their party's candidate for the general election
Trustbuster-
person who wanted to end all trusts
Conservation-
protection of natural resources
National park
-natural or historical area set aside and run by the federal government for people to visit
Suffragist-
person who campaigned for women's rights
16th Amendment-
gave congress the power to impose and income tax
17th Amendment-
direct election of senators
18th Amendment-
made illegal to sell alcoholic drinks anywhere in the US
19th Amendment-
granted women the right to vote
Merit
ability
Civil service-
all federal jobs except elected office and those in the military
Political boss-
powerful politician who controls work done locally and demands payoffs from business
Muckraker
-journalist who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s
Primary
- gave voters the opportunity to choose their party's candidates
Initiative-
gave voters a way to put a bill directly before a state legislature
Referendum-
gave voters the chance to put a bill on the ballot and vote it into law
Recall-
let voters remove an elected official from office
Trustbusters-
a person who wanted to destroy all trusts
Conservation
protection of natural resources
National Parks-
area set aside by the federal government for people to visit
Suffragist-
people working for women's rights to vote
Gilded Age
-from 1870s to 1890s, reformers tried to clean up political corruption
Chester A. Arthur-
forbade trusts and other businesses from limiting competition
Civil Service Commission-
conduct exams for government jobs
Interstate Commerce Commission
Banned or forbade certain practices, such as, rebates and pools
Sherman Antitrust Act-
law that banned or prevented the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States
William Tweed-
Corrupt New York City boss
Progressive-
Reformers who wanted to improve American like
Theodore Roosevelt
-Progressive President known as the "Trustbuster
Square Deal-
Roosevelt's campaign promise that all Americans would have the same opportunity to succeed
Pure Food and Drug Act-
Requires food and drug makers to list ingredients on package
William Howard Taft
-Progressive President who favored the graduated income tax; made an eight-hour workday for government workers
Bull Moose Party-
Progressive Republican party that supported Roosevelt in the 1912 election
Pendleton Act
created the Civil Service commission to make sure that only qualified people got federal jobs
Woodrow Wilson
-Progressive President who helped create the FTC; signed the Clayton Antitrust Act
Federal Reserve Act-
set up a system of federal banks
Federal Trade Commission -
Investigates companies and prevents them from using unfair practices to destroy competitors
National Woman Suffrage Association
-worked for a constitutional amendment allowing women to vote
Carrie Chapman Catt-
leader of the National Woman Suffrage Association
Alice Paul-
suffragist who was jailed for picketing the White House
Nineteenth Amendment-
guaranteed women the right to vote
Carrie Nation-
radical temperance crusader to dedicate to life to fighting "demon rum
Eighteenth Amendment
-made it illegal to sell alcoholic drinks in the United States
What two political concerns shaped politics during the Gilded Age?
The spoil system and the lack of regulation of big business
What reforms were made to end the spoils system?
President Hayes investigated the New York customhouse. The Pendleton Act set up the Civil Service Commission to conduct exams for federal jobs.
Describe two new laws that tried to limit the power of big business?
The Interstate Commerce Act forbade certain practices, such as, rebates and pools.
Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal for companies to restrict competition.
How did political bosses corrupt city governments?
They sometimes took payoffs from businesses and stole public funds and they often used their power to influence officeholders.
How did the muckrakers help change public opinion?
Muckrakers used their journalistic skills to expose social ills; by doing so, they shocked middle-class Americans, who responded by demanding change.
Explain three major goals of Progressive reformers.
Limit the power of big business
End political corruption
Solve social ills
Give voters more power
Describe two Progressive reforms that increased the political power of voters.
The primary gave voters the opportunity to choose their party's candidates.
The initiative gave voters a way to put a bill directly before a state legislature.
The referendum gave voters the chance to put a bill on the ballot and vote it into law.
The rec
Describe three accomplishments of Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal.
Did away with some bad trusts
Worked to regulate railroads
Supported laws strengthening inspection procedures for food
Put limits on lumbering
Why did opposition to Taft grow among reformers?
Taft raised tariffs, which angered Progressives. He was accused of blocking conservation efforts
Why did the Republican Party split in the 1912 election?
Taft lost the support of the Progressives over tariff and conservation issues. Roosevelt and the Progressives split off from Taft and the mainstream Republican Party.
Name two accomplishments of Woodrow Wilson as President.
Setting up the FTC
Lowering the tariffs
Regulating banking
Encouraging competition
Describe three highlights in the campaign to win women's suffrage through the constitutional amendment.
Women first organized a movement as early as 1848
They formed a group to amend the Constitution
They called on the Presidents to support their movement;
They picketed the White House
Congress passed the 19th Amendment, which was ratified in 1920
What new opportunities in jobs and education did women win during this period?
Women managed to attain higher education and earn degrees, but it was a struggle to be able to practice law or medicine.
Why were women active in the crusade against alcohol?
They saw how alcohol created hardships in the home and destroyed families. They also opposed saloons, centers of political deal-making from which they usually were banned.
What reasons the Progressives turned against President William Howard Taft?
He fired a Forest Service official in a dispute over the sale of wilderness lands and he raised tariffs on imported goods.
Reformers in the Gilded Age criticized the spoil system because it
spread corruption.
What was one effect of corruption on city government?
Bribery became a common way of doing business.
What were concerns that shaped politics during the Gilded Age?
bribery, patronage, and voter fraud.
Who would have been helped by the creation of the Civil Service Commission?
qualified applicants for government jobs.
Why was the name muckrakers given to some members of the press during the Progressive Era?
because they worked to change public opinion.
How did women win the right to vote?
Fifty years of effort by suffragist secured approval of the Nineteenth Amendment.