Sports and Exercise Psychology
the scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise context and the practical application of that knowledge
Objective A of S&E Psych
Understand the effects of psychological factors on physical or motor performance
Objective B of S&E Psych
Understand the effects of physical activity participation on psychological development, health, and well-being
Roles of S&E Psychologist
Research role, teaching role, and consulting role
Research role
the primary function of participants in any scholarly field is to advance the knowledge within the field by conducting research
Teaching role
teach university courses such as exercise psychology, applied sport psychology, and the social psychology of sport
Consulting role
S&E psychologist consult with individual athletes or athletic teams to develop psychological skills for enhancing competitive performance and training
Specialties of S&E Psychology
Clinical sport psychology and educational sport psychology
Clinical Sport Psychology
detect and treat individuals with emotional disorders. ex. eating disorders, substance abuse, etc.
Educational Sport Psychology
have extensive training in sport and exercise science, physical education, and kinesiology. "Mental Coach", not for people with emotional disorders.
Professional Practice Knowledge
refers to knowledge gained through experience
3 Approaches to S&E
Psychophysiological Orientation, Social-Psychological Orientation, and Cognitive-Behavioral Orientation
Psychophysiological Orientation
believe that the best way to study behavior during sport and exercise is to examine the physiological processes of the brain and their influences on the physical activity. Ex. Biofeedback
Social-Psychological Orientation
focus on how behavior is determined by a complex interaction between the environment and one's personal makeup. Ex. Leader's style and strategies
Cognitive-Behavioral Orientation
assumes that behavior is determined by both the environment and cognition, with thoughts and interpretation playing an especially important role.
Division of American Psychology Association (APA)
Sports and exercise Psychology is Division 47
Father of S&E Psych
Coleman Griffith, developed the first laboratory in sport psychology, helped initiate one of the first coaching schools in America, and wrote two classic books.
Personality
the sum of the characteristics that make a person unique; the study of personality helps us work better with students, athletes, and exercisers
Genetics
makes up 50-60% of personality
Approaches to Personality
Psychodynamic approach, Trait approach, Situation approach, Interactional approach, and Phenomenological approach
Interactional Approach
considers the situation and person as codeterminants of behavior as variables that together determine behavior; knowing both an individual's psychological traits and the particular situation is helpful in understanding behavior; most focused on in S&E Psy
Structure of Personality
Psychological core, Typical responses, and Role-Related behavior
Psychological core
most basic and deepest attitudes, values, interests, motives, and self-worth of a person ex. religious values, importance of family & friends
Typical responses
the way one typically adjusts or responds to the environment or situation ex. happy go lucky, shy, etc.
Role-Related behavior
how one acts based on your perceived social situation, different situations require different roles. Ex. behavior as a student, parent, friend, etc.
Trait
a stable outlook of personality
State
right now approach to personality
General Personality
regular unaffected outlook
Situational Personality
personality within situations and usually compared to others in the activity
POMS
Profile of Mood States
SCAT
Sport Competition Anxiety Test
Motivation
direction and intensity of effort
Five Guidelines to Building Motivation
1. Consider both situations and traits in motivating people
2. Understand People's Multiple Motives for involvement
3. Change the environment to enhance motivation
4. Leaders influence motivation directly and indirectly
5. Use behavior modification to cha
How To Identify Participant Motives
Observe them; ask them questions; talk informally about it
GROW
Goals, Reality, Options, Will
Achievement Motivation
An individual's orientation to strive for task success, persist in the face of failure, and experience pride in accomplishments; it can be viewed as a personality factor
Competitiveness
a disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others
4 Theories of Achievement Motivation
Need achievement theory, attribution theory, achievement goal theory, and competence motivation
Need Achievement Theory
the tendency to strive for success, persist in the face of failure, and experience pride in accomplishments. Achievement motivation in sport and exercise settings focuses on self-competition, whereas competitiveness influences behavior in socially evaluat
Attribution Theory
affects their expectations and emotional reactions, which in turn influence future achievement motivation. How people explain their successes and failures. This is described in stability, locus of causality, and locus of control.
Achievement Goal Theory
an outcome goal orientation focuses on comparing performance with and defeating others, whereas a task goal orientation focuses on comparing performance with personal standards and personal improvement. It is best to adopt a task orientation, which emphas
Competence Motivation Theory
contends that athlete's perceptions of control work along with self-worth and competence evaluations to influence their motivation. People are motivated to feel worthy or competent. Feelings of competence and worth, as well as perceptions of control, dete
Anxiety
negative emotional state characterized by worry, nervousness, and apprehension
2 Types of Anxiety
State (changing mood) and trait (personality)
Stress
occurs when there is a substantial imbalance between the physical and psychological demands placed on an individual and that person's response capability and under conditions in which failure to meet the demand has important consequences
Arousal
physiological state of alertness associated with the thought or anticipation of a stressful event. A blend of physiological and psychological activity in a person, and it refers to the intensity dimensions of motivation at a particular moment ex. death of
Distress
negative stress that can cause someone who is under pressure to perform less than their potential
Eustress
positive stress needed for motivation and to accomplish potentially stressful task ex. stress needed to ace a test or win a championship
HPA Axis Response
Sources of stress
situational sources and personal sources
Anxiety (performance)
an individual's interpretation of anxiety symptoms is important for understanding the anxiety- performance relationship
Arousal (performance)
arousal and state anxiety do not always have negative effects on performance; viewing anxiety as facilitative leads to superior performance. All about the locus of control
Perception of Stress
the difference between a successful athlete and one who isn't as successful is the perception of stress. If the athlete perceives stress to be detrimental and harmful, then he is more likely to fail or not have motivation to be great. The same would go fo
Implications for Practice
Recognize how personal and situational factors interact to influence: Arousal, anxiety and performance. Tailor coaching strategies to individuals: sometimes arousal must be reduced, other times it must be maintained and other times it should be facilitate
CSAI-2
Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2
Home Field Advantage?
During the regular season, a clear home-field advantage exists for both professional and amateur team sports and dates back almost 100 years.
The home-field advantage occurs for both team and individual sports and for both male and female athletes.
Home- Field Disadvantage?
However, during play-offs, there is a proposed home-field disadvantage, but the evidence supporting it is mixed. Play-off bound athletes should have well developed strategies for coping with anxiety to prevent negative attentional effects that interfere w