bar graph
a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items or categories
box and whisker plot
a graphic way to display the median, quartiles, and extremes of a data set on a number line to show the distribution of the data
categorical data
data that consists of names, labels, or other nonnumerical values
controlled variable
a factor that is NOT changed in an experiment
correlation
a measure of the relationship between two variables
dependent variable
the factor that MAY CHANGE in response to manipulations of the independent variable and is the factor being MEASURED
direct proportion
a relationship between two variables in which their ratio is constant
exponential relationship
variables that are exponentially proportional to each other will produce a curved trend line when graphed
histogram
a graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data
independent variable
the experimental factor that is MANIPULATED OR CHANGED; the variable whose effect is being studied
linear relationship
a type of relationship that exists between two variables whose graphed data points lie on a straight line
line graph
a graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time
logarithmic
each step or number increases by multiples of 10
mean
the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
median
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
mode
the value that occurs most frequently in a given data set
mosaic chart
multi-series chart for visualizing the percentage relationships between points along both X and Y axes using categorical scales
negative/inverse correlation
the relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases
pictogram
drawing used to represent a word
pie chart
a circular chart divided into triangular areas proportional to the percentages of the whole
population pyramid
a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
positive correlation
- a correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other
- both variables move in the same direction
quadrant
one of four sections into which the coordinate plane is divided
rate
expressed in terms of either the concentration (amount per unit volume) of a product that is formed in a unit of time or the concentration of a reactant that is consumed in a unit of time
scatter plot graph
a graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of data that do not depend on each other where the line is not connected (example: height versus weight)
spider/radar chart
graphical method of displaying multivariate data in the form of a two-dimensional chart of three or more quantitative variables represented on axes starting from the same point
trend line
a line on a scatter plot that helps show the correlation between data sets more clearly
x-axis
the horizontal line on a graph
y-axis
the vertical line on a graph
analyze
interpret data to reach conclusions
annotate
add brief notes to a diagram or graph
apply
use an idea, equation, principle, theory, or law in a new situation
calculate
find a numerical answer showing the relevant stages in the working
comment
give a judgment based on a given statement or result of a calculation
compare
give an account of the similarities between two, or more, items referring to both, or all, of them throughout
construct
represent or develop in graphical form
deduce
reach a conclusion from the information given
define
give the precise meaning of a word, phrase, concept, or physical quantity
derive
manipulate a mathematical relationship(s) to give a new equation or relationship
describe
give a detailed account
design
produce a plan, simulation, or model
determine
find the only possible answer
discuss
give an account including, where possible, a range of arguments for and against the relative importance of various factors, or comparisons of alternative hypotheses
distinguish
make clear the differences between two or more concepts or items
draw
represent by means of pencil lines
estimate
find an approximate value for an unknown quantity
evaluate
assess the strengths and limitations
explain
give a detailed account including reasons, causes, or mechanisms
identify
find an answer from a given number of possibilities
label
add labels to a diagram
list
give a sequence of names or other brief answers with no explanation
measure
find a value for a quantity
outline
give a brief account or summary
predict
give an expected result
show
give the steps in a calculation or derivation
sketch
represent by means of a graph showing a line and labeled but unscaled axes but with important features clearly indicated (example: intercept)
solve
obtain an answer using algebraic and/or numerical methods
state
give a specific name, value, or other brief answer without explanation or calculation
suggest
propose a hypothesis or other possible answer