Evolution
The gradual change in a species over time
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
heritable
Traits that can be passed on to offspring
gene frequency
how often a particular gene occurs in the population
Origins
how something came to be
artificial selection
Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.
sexual selection
A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
Overproduction
organisms produce more offspring than can survive
Variation
Any difference between individuals of the same species.
Resistance
The ability to not be affected by or withstand something
homolohous structures
anatomical parts are similar in structure but function differently. ex. bones in forlimbs, frogs, birds, bats
selective pressure
when the environment pushes an individual or population to adapt or evolve
Adaptation
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
Divergence
The accumulation of differences between groups
Speciation
Formation of new species from same population
fossil record
Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers
Outline how the fossil record gives evidence for evolution:
The deeper they are, the older. Echoes development of species through the theory of evolution
Outline how the selective breeding gives evidence for evolution:
Compare to wild population, really different
Outline how homologous structures give evidence for evolution:
Pentadactyl Limb-vertebrae. Adapted to different mode of locomotion in particular environment
What is speciation and how does it occur?
Evolved into separate species. Genes can't flow btw/ populations
Outline how variation across geographic ranges gives evidence for evolution.
Pollution, different climates, land forms can affect variation
Describe how melanistic varieties evolved into polluted areas:
Over a number of generations, the dark form of the peppered moth has increased w frequency. The heritable characteristics of the population have changed
What is variation and why is it important?
The difference between organisms, natural selection can only occur if there is variation amongst members of the same species
Outline sources of variation in population:
Meiosis- when you combine alleles, brought together by breaking up existing combinations in a diploid cell when a halploid cell is formed.
mutation-when new alleles are produced by gene mutation
sexual reproduction-where alleles from two individuals are c
What is adaptation:
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce.
What is overproduction and how does it relate to natural selection
When more offspring produced than the environment can support,
-completion leads to selective pressure
- survival of the fittest, natural selection
Differentiate between heritable and acquired characteristics-which can be passed to offspring?
Inherited-passed on. Those traits which are passed from one generation to the next thru specific genes.
Acquired-acquired by organism in its life time
Describe how natural selection leads to evolution in a population:
Some individuals will have characteristics that make them well adapted to their environment where as others won't. Those that life will survive and produce offspring more likely and easier, others will die quicker
Outline how strains the bacteria evolve to become resistant to antibiotics:
Some find ways to survive meaning they reproduce and develop resistance against the antibiotics that were once affective against them