Epidermis
Surface of the stem made of a number of layers often with a waxy cuticle to reduce waterloss
Cortex Tissue
Forming a cylinder of tissue around the outer edge of the stem; often contains cells with secondary thickening in the cell walls which provides additional
Vascular bundle
Contains xylem, phloem and cambium tissue
Xylem
A longitudinal set of tubes that conduct water and minerals from the roots upward through the stem to the leaves
Phloem
Transports sap and products of photosynthesis through the plant tissue in a number of possible directions
Vascular cambium
A type of lateral meristem that forms a vertical cylinder in the stem; produces secondary xylem and phloem
Parenchyma
The pith tissue composed of thin walled cells located in the center of the ste,
Cuticle
Waxy layer which reduces water loss through the upper epidermis
Upper epidermis
Flattened layer of cell that forms the surface of the leaf and makes cuticles
Palisade Layer
This is the main photosynthetic region of the leaf
Spongy mesophyll
Contains spaces that allow the movements of gases and water through the leaf tissue
Lower epidermis
Bottom surface layer of tissues which contains the guard cells that form each stoma
Cork cambium
Produces some of the bark layer of a stem
Phototropism
Bending growth towards the unilateral source of light
Auxins
Class of plant growth hormones; growth regulation factos
Fungal hyphae
Provides minerals such as nitrates
Mass flow
Hypothesis to explain the movement of solute by means of a hydrostatic pressure gradient, not osmotic gradient
Turgor Pressure
Support for plants generated by wall pressures
Transpiration
Loss of water from the leaves and stem of plants
Symplastically
Water moves along a solute concentration gradient
Apoplastic
Water moves by cappillarity through the cellulose cell walls
Suberin
Waxy water repellent substance; prevents water and dissolved minerals from passing into the xylem by the apoplastic pathway
Stomata
Pores in the lower epidermis
Abscisic acid
Stimulates the stoma to close
Crassulacean acid metabolism
Reduces water loss by opening pores at night but closing them during the day
Translocation
Moves the organic molecules from their source through the tube system of the phloem to sink
Apical meristem
Occurs at the tips of roots and stems, referred to as primary meristems
Lateral meristems
Allow growth in thickness of plants, referred to as secondary growth
C4 plant
Stomata open during the day but take in carbon dioxide more rapidly than non specialized plants
Active transport membrane pumps
Higher concentration gradient in the plants and to absord the minerals
Proton pumps
The most important active transport protein in the plasma membrane used to transport mineral ions and solutes
Companion cells
Connected to their sieve tube members by plasmodesmata
Sepals
Protect the developing flower while in the bud
Petals
Often are colorful to attract pollinators
Style
Structure of the carpel thst supports the stigma
Ovary
Base of carpel in which the female sex cells develop
Stigma
Sticky top of carpel on which pollen lands
Filaments
Stock of stamen that holds up the anther
Testa
Tough protective outer coat
Gibberellins
Growth substance (plant growth hormone) That triggers the production of the enzyme amylase
Plumule
Includes the epicotyl and its two developing leaves
Micropyle
Scar of the opening where the pollen tube entered the ovule
Sclerenchyma
support, rigid secondary walls with hardened areas - lignin
Scar
where the ovule was attached to the carpel wall
Radicle
embryonic root
Diffusion
A way that mineral ions in the soil move to the root
In angiosperms, xylem consists of tracheids and
Vessel Elements
Vascular tissue in plants consist of
Xylem and phloem
To observe mitosis, which of the following should a student examine under a compound microscope?
Apical meristems
The layer of cells that encloses the vascular tissue in the central region of a root is the
Endodermis
The vascular cylinder of a root consist of
Pholem and Xylem
Root pressure
is produced in the vascular cylinder by active transport
One of the three main functions of stems is to
Carry water and nutrients between the roots and the leaves
Many cacti, such as saguaros and barrel cacti, have large stems and no leaves. What functions of leaves is taken on by the stems is to
Photosynthesis and water storage
During primary growth, a stem
Increases the length of the stem
Oxygen and carbon dioxide move in out of a leaf through the
Stomata
In Figure 23-1, the water pressure in the
guard cells is high
In many plants, stomata are found only on the lower surface of the leaf. The most likely explanation for this fact is that
Water loss would be less on the shaded lower surface than in direct sun
The attraction of water molecules to other kinds of molecules is called
Adhesion
According to the pressure- flow hypothesis, which of the following statements is NOT true?
Movement of water into a nutrient-rich region of the phloem decreases the pressure in the region
Ground tissue is found in a plant's
Roots, stems and leaves
What causes movement of water through the xylem?
Evaporation of water
When a farmer sprays a chemical on to crop plants, how does the chemical travel to the roots of the plants?
Active transport
What is the apoplastic route for water from the soil to the endodermis of the root?
Cell walls of the cortex to the endodermis
Which of the following help(s) in supporting a terrestrial woody plant?
Xylem tissue and Turgor Pressure
Which direction does the phloem transport materials?
Up and down all the time
Which conditions will cause the highest rate of transpiration in a well-watered, mesophytic plant?
Humidity, wind, temp. and light
In most plants, which organs are adapted to capture sunlight for photosynthesis?
Leaves
If some of the xylem of a young oak tree were destroyed, it would most likely interfere with tree's ability to
Conduct water to the leaves
Vascular tissue in plants consists of
Phloem and xylem
Damage to which area of root shown in Figure 23-1 will prevent the root from growing longer?
Apical Meristem
One of the three main functions of the stem is
Support, transport minerals/water and products of photosynthesis
Unlike roots, stems
May carry out photosynthesis
What might a thin tree ring indicate?
A year of drought
Most of the photosynthesis in plants takes place in the
Mesophyll/Leaves
The stomata of leaves are usually open
Light if a plant has enough water
The attraction of water molecules to other kinds of molecules is called
Adhesion
A seed plant is held in the ground by its
Roots
Which letter represents a structure whose tissues lack chlorophyll?
C
Are stomata in leaf opened or closed?
Open
What is structure F
Vascular Bundle
What two types of tissue make up structure F?
Xylem and Phloem
In angiosperms, pollen grains are produced in
Anther
Which of the following is not part of the female structure of a flower
Anther
A period of dormancy can allow seeds to germinate
In ideal conditions
The plant embryo in a seed begins to grow again during
Germination
Hormones that stimulate cell elongation and are produced in the rapidly growing region near the tip of the plant's root or stem are called
Auxins
When horizontally positioned plant responds to gravity
Auxins
The growth of plant seedlings is usually
Phototropic and gravitropic
When a plant responds to changes in the relative lengths of light and darkness, the plant is responding to
Photoperiodism
A pollen grain landing on a stigma of a flower of the same species produces a
Pollen tube
Letter J indicates the carpel of the flower
False
Letters D,C, and A point to the female parts of a flower
True
Letters D, C, B, A point to the structures through which the pollen tube will grown
True
Letters E and F point to the male parts of a flower
True
Epidermis
Surface of the stem made of a number of layers often with a waxy cuticle to reduce waterloss
Cortex Tissue
Forming a cylinder of tissue around the outer edge of the stem; often contains cells with secondary thickening in the cell walls which provides additional
Vascular bundle
Contains xylem, phloem and cambium tissue
Xylem
A longitudinal set of tubes that conduct water and minerals from the roots upward through the stem to the leaves
Phloem
Transports sap and products of photosynthesis through the plant tissue in a number of possible directions
Vascular cambium
A type of lateral meristem that forms a vertical cylinder in the stem; produces secondary xylem and phloem
Parenchyma
The pith tissue composed of thin walled cells located in the center of the ste,
Cuticle
Waxy layer which reduces water loss through the upper epidermis
Upper epidermis
Flattened layer of cell that forms the surface of the leaf and makes cuticles
Palisade Layer
This is the main photosynthetic region of the leaf
Spongy mesophyll
Contains spaces that allow the movements of gases and water through the leaf tissue
Lower epidermis
Bottom surface layer of tissues which contains the guard cells that form each stoma
Cork cambium
Produces some of the bark layer of a stem
Phototropism
Bending growth towards the unilateral source of light
Auxins
Class of plant growth hormones; growth regulation factos
Fungal hyphae
Provides minerals such as nitrates
Mass flow
Hypothesis to explain the movement of solute by means of a hydrostatic pressure gradient, not osmotic gradient
Turgor Pressure
Support for plants generated by wall pressures
Transpiration
Loss of water from the leaves and stem of plants
Symplastically
Water moves along a solute concentration gradient
Apoplastic
Water moves by cappillarity through the cellulose cell walls
Suberin
Waxy water repellent substance; prevents water and dissolved minerals from passing into the xylem by the apoplastic pathway
Stomata
Pores in the lower epidermis
Abscisic acid
Stimulates the stoma to close
Crassulacean acid metabolism
Reduces water loss by opening pores at night but closing them during the day
Translocation
Moves the organic molecules from their source through the tube system of the phloem to sink
Apical meristem
Occurs at the tips of roots and stems, referred to as primary meristems
Lateral meristems
Allow growth in thickness of plants, referred to as secondary growth
C4 plant
Stomata open during the day but take in carbon dioxide more rapidly than non specialized plants
Active transport membrane pumps
Higher concentration gradient in the plants and to absord the minerals
Proton pumps
The most important active transport protein in the plasma membrane used to transport mineral ions and solutes
Companion cells
Connected to their sieve tube members by plasmodesmata
Sepals
Protect the developing flower while in the bud
Petals
Often are colorful to attract pollinators
Style
Structure of the carpel thst supports the stigma
Ovary
Base of carpel in which the female sex cells develop
Stigma
Sticky top of carpel on which pollen lands
Filaments
Stock of stamen that holds up the anther
Testa
Tough protective outer coat
Gibberellins
Growth substance (plant growth hormone) That triggers the production of the enzyme amylase
Plumule
Includes the epicotyl and its two developing leaves
Micropyle
Scar of the opening where the pollen tube entered the ovule
Sclerenchyma
support, rigid secondary walls with hardened areas - lignin
Scar
where the ovule was attached to the carpel wall
Radicle
embryonic root
Diffusion
A way that mineral ions in the soil move to the root
In angiosperms, xylem consists of tracheids and
Vessel Elements
Vascular tissue in plants consist of
Xylem and phloem
To observe mitosis, which of the following should a student examine under a compound microscope?
Apical meristems
The layer of cells that encloses the vascular tissue in the central region of a root is the
Endodermis
The vascular cylinder of a root consist of
Pholem and Xylem
Root pressure
is produced in the vascular cylinder by active transport
One of the three main functions of stems is to
Carry water and nutrients between the roots and the leaves
Many cacti, such as saguaros and barrel cacti, have large stems and no leaves. What functions of leaves is taken on by the stems is to
Photosynthesis and water storage
During primary growth, a stem
Increases the length of the stem
Oxygen and carbon dioxide move in out of a leaf through the
Stomata
In Figure 23-1, the water pressure in the
guard cells is high
In many plants, stomata are found only on the lower surface of the leaf. The most likely explanation for this fact is that
Water loss would be less on the shaded lower surface than in direct sun
The attraction of water molecules to other kinds of molecules is called
Adhesion
According to the pressure- flow hypothesis, which of the following statements is NOT true?
Movement of water into a nutrient-rich region of the phloem decreases the pressure in the region
Ground tissue is found in a plant's
Roots, stems and leaves
What causes movement of water through the xylem?
Evaporation of water
When a farmer sprays a chemical on to crop plants, how does the chemical travel to the roots of the plants?
Active transport
What is the apoplastic route for water from the soil to the endodermis of the root?
Cell walls of the cortex to the endodermis
Which of the following help(s) in supporting a terrestrial woody plant?
Xylem tissue and Turgor Pressure
Which direction does the phloem transport materials?
Up and down all the time
Which conditions will cause the highest rate of transpiration in a well-watered, mesophytic plant?
Humidity, wind, temp. and light
In most plants, which organs are adapted to capture sunlight for photosynthesis?
Leaves
If some of the xylem of a young oak tree were destroyed, it would most likely interfere with tree's ability to
Conduct water to the leaves
Vascular tissue in plants consists of
Phloem and xylem
Damage to which area of root shown in Figure 23-1 will prevent the root from growing longer?
Apical Meristem
One of the three main functions of the stem is
Support, transport minerals/water and products of photosynthesis
Unlike roots, stems
May carry out photosynthesis
What might a thin tree ring indicate?
A year of drought
Most of the photosynthesis in plants takes place in the
Mesophyll/Leaves
The stomata of leaves are usually open
Light if a plant has enough water
The attraction of water molecules to other kinds of molecules is called
Adhesion
A seed plant is held in the ground by its
Roots
Which letter represents a structure whose tissues lack chlorophyll?
C
Are stomata in leaf opened or closed?
Open
What is structure F
Vascular Bundle
What two types of tissue make up structure F?
Xylem and Phloem
In angiosperms, pollen grains are produced in
Anther
Which of the following is not part of the female structure of a flower
Anther
A period of dormancy can allow seeds to germinate
In ideal conditions
The plant embryo in a seed begins to grow again during
Germination
Hormones that stimulate cell elongation and are produced in the rapidly growing region near the tip of the plant's root or stem are called
Auxins
When horizontally positioned plant responds to gravity
Auxins
The growth of plant seedlings is usually
Phototropic and gravitropic
When a plant responds to changes in the relative lengths of light and darkness, the plant is responding to
Photoperiodism
A pollen grain landing on a stigma of a flower of the same species produces a
Pollen tube
Letter J indicates the carpel of the flower
FALSE
Letters D,C, and A point to the female parts of a flower
TRUE
Letters D, C, B, A point to the structures through which the pollen tube will grown
TRUE
Letters E and F point to the male parts of a flower
TRUE