to pass along DNA and to perpetuate species
why reproduce?
-creates genetically diverse offspring, thus diverse populations
-beneficial in times of environmental stress
advantages to sexual reproduction
-takes longer
-is time "expensive" (takes time to find mate, compete for mate, invest time in offspring)
disadvantages to sexual reproduction
primary sex organs; testes in males, ovaries in females
gonads
-manufacture sperm
-deliver sperm
-ensure sperm live long enough to fertilize
the reproductive role of males
-produce ova
-protect and provide nutrients for the growing fetus
the reproductive role of females
-pre-natal development of male sex organs
-secondary sexual characteristics in puberty
-increases male sex drive and makes sperm production constant for entire life
-agression is likely an evolutionary adaptation for hunting, defense, and mate competition
testosterone functions
-pre-natal development of female sex organs
-secondary sexual characteristics in puberty
-regulation of mentrual cycle
estrogen and progesteron function
follicular phase and luteal phase
2 phases of the menstrual cycle
follicular phase
-blood estrogen is low
-hypothalamus reacts to low estrogen producing releasing hormone to act on pituitary
-pituitary secretes FSH
-FSH travels through circulatroy system and binds to receptors on follicles
-follicle begins to develop and follicle wall c
-blood estrogen is low
-hypothalamus reacts to low estrogen producing releasing hormone to act on pituitary
-pituitary secretes FSH
-FSH travels through circulatroy system and binds to receptors on follicles
-follicle begins to develop and follicle wall c
follicular phase
luteal phase
-ovum moves through fallopian tubes
-LH stimulates cells of ruptured follicle undergo a change; follicle turns yellow (corpus luteum)
-corpus luteum continues to release estrogen and begins to release progesterone
-progesterone begins to rise and prepares
-ovum moves through fallopian tubes
-LH stimulates cells of ruptured follicle undergo a change; follicle turns yellow (corpus luteum)
-corpus luteum continues to release estrogen and begins to release progesterone
-progesterone begins to rise and prepares
luteal phase
in-vitro fertilization
-after determining suitability, FSH and LH are given to stimulate multiple egg releases
-eggs are collected
-eggs and fertilized in a dish and incubated
-after incubation, viable blastocysts are selected and developed into embryos
-up to 3 embryos can be
-after determining suitability, FSH and LH are given to stimulate multiple egg releases
-eggs are collected
-eggs and fertilized in a dish and incubated
-after incubation, viable blastocysts are selected and developed into embryos
-up to 3 embryos can be
in-vitro fertilization process
spermatogenesis
production of viable haploid sperm cells within seminiferous tubules
testosterone
stimulates maturation of secondary spermatocytes through meiosis and differentiation to spermatozoa
oogenesis
production of a viable haploid ovum within ovary; begins before birth and ends during menopause
placenta
highly vascular; life support system in fetus
release progesterone and estrogen; exchange of material between maternal and fetal blood
functions of placenta
oxygen, water, nutrients (lipids, glucose, amino acids), vitamins, minerals, antibodies, alcohol, nicotine, drugs, some viruses
mother to fetus through placenta
urea, water, carbon dioxide, HCG hormone
fetus to mother through placenta
umbilical arteries
deoxygenated blood and waste out via _______
umbilical vein
oxygentaed blood and useful materials in via _______
to pass along DNA and to perpetuate species
why reproduce?
#NAME?
advantages to sexual reproduction
-takes longer
-is time "expensive" (takes time to find mate, compete for mate, invest time in offspring)
disadvantages to sexual reproduction
primary sex organs; testes in males, ovaries in females
gonads
#NAME?
the reproductive role of males
#NAME?
the reproductive role of females
#NAME?
testosterone functions
#NAME?
estrogen and progesteron function
follicular phase and luteal phase
2 phases of the menstrual cycle
follicular phase
-blood estrogen is low
-hypothalamus reacts to low estrogen producing releasing hormone to act on pituitary
-pituitary secretes FSH
-FSH travels through circulatroy system and binds to receptors on follicles
-follicle begins to develop and follicle wall c
-blood estrogen is low
-hypothalamus reacts to low estrogen producing releasing hormone to act on pituitary
-pituitary secretes FSH
-FSH travels through circulatroy system and binds to receptors on follicles
-follicle begins to develop and follicle wall c
follicular phase
luteal phase
-ovum moves through fallopian tubes
-LH stimulates cells of ruptured follicle undergo a change; follicle turns yellow (corpus luteum)
-corpus luteum continues to release estrogen and begins to release progesterone
-progesterone begins to rise and prepares
-ovum moves through fallopian tubes
-LH stimulates cells of ruptured follicle undergo a change; follicle turns yellow (corpus luteum)
-corpus luteum continues to release estrogen and begins to release progesterone
-progesterone begins to rise and prepares
luteal phase
in-vitro fertilization
-after determining suitability, FSH and LH are given to stimulate multiple egg releases
-eggs are collected
-eggs and fertilized in a dish and incubated
-after incubation, viable blastocysts are selected and developed into embryos
-up to 3 embryos can be
-after determining suitability, FSH and LH are given to stimulate multiple egg releases
-eggs are collected
-eggs and fertilized in a dish and incubated
-after incubation, viable blastocysts are selected and developed into embryos
-up to 3 embryos can be
in-vitro fertilization process
spermatogenesis
production of viable haploid sperm cells within seminiferous tubules
testosterone
stimulates maturation of secondary spermatocytes through meiosis and differentiation to spermatozoa
oogenesis
production of a viable haploid ovum within ovary; begins before birth and ends during menopause
placenta
highly vascular; life support system in fetus
release progesterone and estrogen; exchange of material between maternal and fetal blood
functions of placenta
oxygen, water, nutrients (lipids, glucose, amino acids), vitamins, minerals, antibodies, alcohol, nicotine, drugs, some viruses
mother to fetus through placenta
urea, water, carbon dioxide, HCG hormone
fetus to mother through placenta
umbilical arteries
deoxygenated blood and waste out via _______
umbilical vein
oxygentaed blood and useful materials in via _______