Draw and label a diagram of the liver, including the left and right lobes, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and the hepatic vein
Compare liver blood supplies in terms of blood sources (arrives from..), blood destination (flows towards...), and relative oxygen concentration
Hepatic artery: branches off from the aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood from the heart.
Portal vein: brings blood from the stomach and the intestine to liver. The blood can be rich in nutrients that have been absorbed from digested food depending on how re
Draw a labeled diagram of a sinusoid inclusive of: bile canal cells, bile duct, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, arterioles, and venules
Google because quizlet lacks knowledge in close-up pictures.
Compare sinusoids to capillaries
Sinusoids (liver) are similar to capillaries as they are both blood vessels, however:
� Capillaries are wider
� Not continuously lined with cells
� Cells has fenestration and can be thinner
� Have phagocytic cells
� Connect to arteriole with venule
Outline the relationship between liver lobes, lobules, and sinusoids
In the liver, the vein subdivides into divisions called sinusoids. Their structure allows the blood flowing through to come in contact with hepatocytes (liver cells) and allow proteins to enter and leave the blood.
Hepatic artery subdivides into arteriole
List four example nutrients that can be stored by the liver
Iron, retinol (Vit. A), calciferol (Vit. D) and sugar can be stored in the liver.
Explain the storage and release of glucose (including the role of glycogen, insulin, and glucagon)
One of the liver's main function is to regulate the quantity of nutrients circulating the blood. It plays a key role in regulation of circulating glucose by either storing glucose as glycogen or breaking glycogen down to glucose.
The liver starts to absor
Outline the role of the liver in protein metabolism (and resulting nitrogenous waste formation)
The liver can't store amino acids and proteins. These excess quantities are broken down in the liver to be utilized as energy sources which results in nitrogenous waste.
Define and list examples of "plasma proteins
Definition: proteins in the cell membrane
Examples: fibrinogen, albumin
Albumin is a carrier protein that binds to such things as bilirubin, therefore it becomes a transport protein but also maintains osmotic balance in the blood.
Fibrinogen is a protein
Explain why hepatocytes have a lot of RER and Golgi
They are actively involved in protein synthesis which explains the characteristic appearance of hepatocytes. They show extensive networks of ER and Golgi body, providing evidence of high levels of proteins synthesis
Compare and define LDL, HDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons
LDL: made in the liver as VLDL. They deliver cholesterol to all body cells (bad ones)
HDL: made in the liver and small intestine. They pick up excess cholesterol and bring it back to the liver, which secretes it to the bile.
Chylomicrons: made in the smal
Explain the structure of lipoproteins, including the types of molecules found in the hydrophobic core and hydrophilic surface
Lipoproteins have a hydrophilic packaging and hydrophobic inside so it can move through the water
Inside you can find packaged fats and on the outside is the hydrophilic phosphate+glycerol group.
AMPHIPATHIC MAGICCCC
State the length of a typical red blood cell life span
Typical lifespamn of an erythrocyte (red blood cell) in an adult is about 120 days. The old damaged RBC undergo changes in their plasma membrane which make them susceptible to recognition by macrophages.
Explain how the structure of Kupffer cells fits their endosymbiosis function
RBC age, they swell and some are engulfed by Kupffer cells, which are macrophages which line the sinusoids in the liver.
In Kupffer cells, the hemoglobin molecule is split into globin chains and a heme group.
Amino acids from the globin chains are recycle
Create a flowchart to illustrate the steps and products of the splitting of hemoglobin
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Explain how and why iron is transported to the bone marrow bound to transferrin
Iron is essential for red blood cell function as it is a component of the hemoglobin molecule but it is toxic at high concentrations. When iron is absorbed from the intestine or when it is released during the breakdown of damaged red blood cells, it is tr
List three anatomical structures that have transferrin receptors in their cell membranes
Red Blood Cells
Outline the storage of iron in the liver (including the role of ferritin)
The iron is bound to transferrin and transported to the liver and spleen for storage.
The storage molecule for iron is called "ferritin".
Outline the use of excess cholesterol as a component of biles
Cholesterol is a raw material needed for the synthesis of vitamin D as well as for
the synthesis of steroid hormones. It is a structural component of membranes and it is used in the production of bile.
The liver regulates the amount of circulating lipids
Outline the source of bilirubin
After RBC are digested and broken down, the heme group is further converted to iron and a yellow pigment called bilirubin. Bilirubin is also released from the
breakdown of other proteins such as myoglobin and cytochrome. Any bilirubin produced outside of
List components of bile
Bilirubin: pigment (yellowish) and it is a waste-product of hemoglobin recycling
Bile salts: created by cholesterol it breaks down oil droplets into smaller molecules for lipase.
Outline the role of bile ducts and gall bladder in the transport and storage of bile
Gall Bladder: where the bile travels towards to.
Bile duct: transports the bile from gall bladder to small-intestine.
List the symptoms, causes, and treatment of jaundice
� Yellowish skin colour
� Alcoholism
� Cancer
� Excessive RBC damage
� Premature babies
Define "detoxification" as related to liver function
Detoxification is getting rid of toxins in the human body. One of the liver's function is detoxification.
Liver cells absorb toxic
substances from the blood and convert them into non-toxic or less toxic substances, using a range of chemical conversions
Explain the role of the liver in the detoxification of alcohol (including the role of ethanol dehydrogenase)
Alcohol is converted into a less toxic substance by the enzyme ethanol dehydrogenase. The liver converts toxic ammonia into urea
Outline the role of the liver in the detoxification of ammonia (and formation of urea)
Ammonia is a toxin produced during protein metabolism. Liver converts ammonia to urea, allowing toxins to be removed.