Nucleus
Control center of the cell that contains coded directions for the production of proteins and cell division.
Nucleolus
The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus
Ribosome
Organelle that is the site of protein synthesis.
- has large/small sub unit
- made of ribosomal RNA and protein
- unite when bonded creating messenger RNA
- ribosome signals transfer RNA
Vesicle
Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell
Chloroplasts
A double-membrane organelle with thylakoids containing chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Structure: A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell.
covered with ribosomes.
Function: Transportation System; Production of proteins by attached ribosomes.
Golgi apparatus
a flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies proteins and packages them for distribution outside the cell.
Cytoskeleton
a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure: A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell.
Function: Transportation System
Mitochondria
A membrane bound organelle that makes energy available to the rest of the cell.
Vacuole
A membrane bound vesicle for the temporary storage of materials.
Plant cells: one large
Animal cells: a few small
Cytoplasm
the fluid within in the cell where the organelles are found; gives cell shape; aids in transportation; protects organelles; and maintains homeostasis (same stable state)
Lysosome
a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes for the breakdown of excess or worn out cellular substances. (Animal Cells ONLY)
Centriole
organelles that occur in pairs and are important for cell division.
Fallega
Projections that aid in locomotion and feeding.
Pili
hair like structures on the outside of prokaryotic cells used during conjunction for DNA transfer.
Cilia
Projections from the cell surface that aid in motion and feeding.
Equation for Photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2
Thylakoid
within chloroplast; site of light-depentant reactions in photosynthesis; high surface area for reactions; contain pigments
Granum
Stack of Thylakoids
storma
site of independent reactions producing glucose
Crista(e)
in folds of the inner membrane of mitochondria; high surface area where reactions occur
Matrix
contains enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates releasing energy so ATP can be made
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
storehouse of chemical energy; transports energy to cell by changes in phosphate groups
Main differences between EUKARYOTIC CELLS (plant and animal cells) and PROKARYOTIC CELLS (bacteria cells)
eukaryotic cells: nucleus, membrane bound organelles
prokaryotic cells: DNA stored in a loop in the cells, unicellular, no membrane bound organelles
differences between plant cells and animal cells
Plant cells: contain chloroplasts, cell wall, single large vacuole
Animal Cells: centrioles, lysosomes, smaller few vacuoles
Cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
Genetic material
Eukaryotic Cells: DNA within chromosomes within nucleus
Prokaryotic Cells: Large circular chromosome loop
Cell membrane (Animal cell)
- made of phospholipid bilayer
- flexible boundary that controls transport of materials into and out of the cell
Cell membrane (plant cell)
- cell wall outside of plasma membrane
- depending on the type of cell the cell wall may be made up of different materials
Cell Wall
an inflexible barrier that provided support and protects the plant cell. consists of different molecules depending on the organism
- plants: cellulose
- bacteria: peptidolycan
- fungi: chitin
Eukaryotic Cells
- contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- nucleus is distinct central organelle containing genetic material
- organelles enable specific cell functions (different things happening in cell at one time)
Prokaryotic Cells
- no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
- genetic material found in loop within cytoplasm
- mostly unicellular
Fungal Cells
- cell walls are chitin
- contain hyphae (projections for reproduction)
Microtubules
- assemble and dissemble within cell to allow the organelle of the cell to move
Endocytosis
the process by which a cell surrounds a substance in the outside environment, enclosing the substance in an portion of the plasma membrane
Exocytosis
the secretion of materials at the plasma membrane, used to expel wastes
active transport
the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
autotrophs
organisms the make there own food
heterotrophs
organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy
chemoautotrophs
use inorganic substances to create energy
photoautotrophs
use sun to create energy