cell theory
1. all cells come from existing cells
2.the cell is the most basic unit of life
3. all life forms are composed from one or more cells
Functions of living things
1.Homeostasis
2. nurture
3. growth
4. response to environment
5. metabolism
6. excretion
7.reproduction
prokaryotic vs Eukaryotas
Prrokaryotes: simple cells strucure, they lack comparmentalization and the interior is filled with cytoplams wwith no membrane bound organelles. DNA is not surrounded by a double membrane.
Eukaryotes:divided into compartments by single or double membranes
The origin of cells
Spontaneous generation: the idea that cells and other living matter was generated from nonliving matter
the production of carbon compounds such as sugar or amino acids can be done as shown through Stanley miller and Harold Urey experiments passed steam th
endo-symbiotic theory
a large cell takes in a smaller cell by endocytosis and than stores the smaller cell as a vesicle inside itself.
the polar water molecule
The one H ion in a water molecule is negative and the two water molecules are positive. this allows them to be polar.
Cohesion and adhesion of water
The polar nature of water allows it to do what is called adhesion, which is when a polar bond is formed with another water molecule, this helps water climb plants
Cohesion is accomplished through hydrogen bonds between other water molecules. this also all
biochemical groups
Lipids: glycerol
proteins: amino acids
carbohydrates: monosaccharide
nucleic acids: nucleotides
two types of metabolism
anabolism: the building up of molecules
Catabolism: the breaking down of molecules
the basic levels of proteins
primary: a single polypeptide chain held together by peptide bonds
Secondary: the original peptide chain is folded and coiled through Hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary: the polypeptide binds and folds over itself through the use of ionic, hydrogen and covalent bon
end product inhibition
the end product of metabolic pathway reaction acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme earlier in the pathway causing the pathway to stop producing productions
The membrane structures
cholesterol reduces permeability
hydrophobic region of the membrane is on the inside
hydrophilic is on the outside
membrane
ways in which things can get in and out of the cell
active transport: using energy to move molecules out or in the cell against their concentration gradients such as the sodium potassium pump
Simple diffusion: the movement of a substance down a concentration gradient
osmosis: the diffusion of water across
types of integral proteins
channel: tubes open at both ends
carrier proteins: changes shape to move molecules across the membrane.
sodium potassium pumps
allows cells to exchange 3 Na ions and 2 K ions across cell membranes, creates a
greater concentration of K + and a lesser concentration of Na + in the cell
1. 3 Na + bind to the pump inside the cell
2. ATP is used to activate the protein
3. Pump changes
active transport
Molecules or ions to be transported enter carrier protein
2. ATP is used to activate the protein
3. Protein changes shape and moves the molecule to other side of the membrane
4. Protein returns to original shape and position
Cell division
Pro phase:
meta phase
anaphase:
telophase