(5) cladograms
Tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence in clades ( branch parts= nodes)
Stabilizing selection (5)
Average individuals are favored
Directional selection (5)
One extreme form of trait is favored (talk or short)
Disruptive selection (5)
Both extreme forms of a trait are flavored (and)
Gene pools & allele frequencies
Consists of all the genes & diff. alleles, present in interbreeding population. Allele frequencies change w/ time in populations
Mollusca
- Muscular foot & mantle
- Soft body
- Shell usually present
- No visible segmentation
- Mouth & anus (complete digestive tract)
Ex: snails, slugs, etc
Macro evolution
Populations of a species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution
Speciation
The evolution of new species
Sexual reproduction & variation
Promotes variation in a species
- meiosis
(Independent assortment, crossing over)
- random fertilizer
Natural selection II
1) Struggle for survival bc of overproduction of offspring
2) Non- random survival
3) Natural selection occurs bc of the differential success in reproduction of members in population
Filicinophyta (ferns)
- water needed
- dispersal
- vascular tissue present
- wood may be present
- leaves, stem, root
Annelida
- bilaterally symmetric
- bristles often present
- segmented
- mouth & anus
Ex: earthworms
Amphibians
- soft, moist skin permeable to water
- simple lungs
- tetrapods (pentadactyl limbs)
- 4 legs
- external fertilization
- aquatic larval stage
- ectothermic
Chordata
Vertebrates apart of phylum
Platyhelminthes
- bilateral symmetry
- flat bodies
- unsegmented
- mouth no anus
Ex: tapeworms
Natural selection
Differential reproduction success of members of a population with particular inherited characteristics
Porifera
- no clear symmetry
- no tissues
- no mouth or anus
- sessile
Angiospermophyta the flowering plants
- vascular plants
- seed plants
( seeds protected by ovary which becomes fruit)
- has roots, stems, & leaves
Evolutionary adaptations
Inherited characteristics that enhance organisms survival and reproduction
Birds
- Skin w/ keratin feathers
- lungs
- 2 legs & 2 wings
- internal fertilization
- hard shell eggs
- warm blooded
Vestigial structures
Ex: whales/ snake
Hindlimb a, wings on flightless birds
Bryophyta (moss)
- Spores ensure dispersal
- no vascular tissue
- no roots
Cnidaria
- radial symmetry
- tentacles
- stringing cells (cnidocytesur)
- mouth no anus
Ex: jellyfish , corals, anemones
Domain
- Broader classification than kingdom
- DKPCOFGS
- all organisms are classified in 1 of 3 domains
(3 domain; eubacteria, archae, eukaryota)
Analogous structure
Structures have similar functions but unrelated in structure ( bird wings / butterfly wings)
Homologous structure
Similarities in structure when diff in function