IB Biology I Semester I final

shows the variability of data on a graph

error bar

type of replication producing new dna

semiconservative

breakdown of a macromolecule into its building blocks

hydrolysis

constructed of a chain of carbon-hydrogen atoms; contains a carboxyl group at one end

fatty acid

level of protein structure formed from the interactions between amino acid side groups

tertiary

several ribosomes using a mrna molecule to synthesize a protein at the same time

polysome

cell energy

atp

characteristic of genetic code that allows genes to be transformed between species

universal

attraction of like molecules

cohesion

involved in the interaction of water with the xylem in plants

adhesion

catalyzes the elongation of the leading strand

dna polymerase III

organelle found in plants and prokaryotes; used for structure and support

cell wall

1mm=1000______

micrometers

found in all cells

ribosomes

has a cell wall, ribosomes, naked dna and a cytoplasm

prokaryote

region where rna polymerase binds for transcription to begin

promoter

type of inhibitor that binds to a spot on the enzyme that is not the active site

noncompetitive

uua

leucine

element used to form proteins

sulfur

ex. monosaccharide

galactose

loss of electrons

oxidation

corresponds to the sequence cga found on the trna

gcu

phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

nucleotide

building blocks of proteins

amino acids

structural change of a protein that causes a loss in biological properties

denaturation

pyrimidine

cytosine, thymine

type of transport that requires a protein channel to move molecules with the concentrartion gradient

facilitated diffusion

region where dna is located in a prokaryotic cell

nucleoid

double ringed nitrogenous base

purine

complementary to adenine

thymine

osmosis and diffusion

passive transport

enzyme used in transcription but not translation

dna polymerase

sugar found in rna

ribose

polypeptide synthesis

translation

used to test the statistical difference between two means

t-test

temporary portion of the cell membrane; acts as part of varying reactions

peripheral protein

nitrogenous base found in rna only

uracil

when one base is replaced with another; example hemoglobin (sickle cell)

substitution

since water has a high heat of _________ it is a good evaporative coolant

vaporization

start codon

methionine

sugar found in dna

deoxyribose

bond that connects dna complementary bases

hydrogen bond

used for anchorage and support for a cell; made of polysaccharides and glycoproteins

extracellular matrix

process used by bacteria to divide

binary fission

removes the rna primer during dna replication

dna polymerase I

formed between two water molecules

covalent bond

enzymes lower the _____ in order to catalyze reaction

activation energy

type of inhibitor that binds to the active side slowing the enzyme-substrate reactions

competitor

short sections of dna formed during dna replication

okazaki fragments

organelle responsible for controlling what enters and leaves the cell

plasma membrane

small dna found in prokaryotes separate from the main dna

plasmids

dissaccharide

lactose, maltose, sucrose

sequence of nucleotides on mrna that corresponds to an amino acide

codon

synthesizes proteins to be used within the cell

rough er

type of nitrogenous base; same class as guanine

adenine

improves the digestion of milk by some people

lactase

cell to cell communication; part of extracellular matrix

glycoprotein

found within the plasma membrane; used to keep fluidity of cell in varying temperatures

cholesterol

shows the variability of data from the mean

standard deviation

found in dna and rna

phosphate

unequal sharing of electrons

ionic

function of this organelle is to create vesicles for transport around/out of the cell

golgi apparatus

property of water that makes it a good transport medium

solvent

type of bond between amino acids

peptide bond

excretion of material from a cell

exocytosis

dna+histones

nucleosome

helps form cell walls

cellulose

strand of dna used for transcription

antisense

organic compound made by all living things

dna

portion removed during the formation of the mature rna

intron

trna ________ links the trna to a specific amino acid

activating enzyme

found in polar amino acids and cellulose

hydrogen atoms