shows the variability of data on a graph
error bar
type of replication producing new dna
semiconservative
breakdown of a macromolecule into its building blocks
hydrolysis
constructed of a chain of carbon-hydrogen atoms; contains a carboxyl group at one end
fatty acid
level of protein structure formed from the interactions between amino acid side groups
tertiary
several ribosomes using a mrna molecule to synthesize a protein at the same time
polysome
cell energy
atp
characteristic of genetic code that allows genes to be transformed between species
universal
attraction of like molecules
cohesion
involved in the interaction of water with the xylem in plants
adhesion
catalyzes the elongation of the leading strand
dna polymerase III
organelle found in plants and prokaryotes; used for structure and support
cell wall
1mm=1000______
micrometers
found in all cells
ribosomes
has a cell wall, ribosomes, naked dna and a cytoplasm
prokaryote
region where rna polymerase binds for transcription to begin
promoter
type of inhibitor that binds to a spot on the enzyme that is not the active site
noncompetitive
uua
leucine
element used to form proteins
sulfur
ex. monosaccharide
galactose
loss of electrons
oxidation
corresponds to the sequence cga found on the trna
gcu
phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
nucleotide
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
structural change of a protein that causes a loss in biological properties
denaturation
pyrimidine
cytosine, thymine
type of transport that requires a protein channel to move molecules with the concentrartion gradient
facilitated diffusion
region where dna is located in a prokaryotic cell
nucleoid
double ringed nitrogenous base
purine
complementary to adenine
thymine
osmosis and diffusion
passive transport
enzyme used in transcription but not translation
dna polymerase
sugar found in rna
ribose
polypeptide synthesis
translation
used to test the statistical difference between two means
t-test
temporary portion of the cell membrane; acts as part of varying reactions
peripheral protein
nitrogenous base found in rna only
uracil
when one base is replaced with another; example hemoglobin (sickle cell)
substitution
since water has a high heat of _________ it is a good evaporative coolant
vaporization
start codon
methionine
sugar found in dna
deoxyribose
bond that connects dna complementary bases
hydrogen bond
used for anchorage and support for a cell; made of polysaccharides and glycoproteins
extracellular matrix
process used by bacteria to divide
binary fission
removes the rna primer during dna replication
dna polymerase I
formed between two water molecules
covalent bond
enzymes lower the _____ in order to catalyze reaction
activation energy
type of inhibitor that binds to the active side slowing the enzyme-substrate reactions
competitor
short sections of dna formed during dna replication
okazaki fragments
organelle responsible for controlling what enters and leaves the cell
plasma membrane
small dna found in prokaryotes separate from the main dna
plasmids
dissaccharide
lactose, maltose, sucrose
sequence of nucleotides on mrna that corresponds to an amino acide
codon
synthesizes proteins to be used within the cell
rough er
type of nitrogenous base; same class as guanine
adenine
improves the digestion of milk by some people
lactase
cell to cell communication; part of extracellular matrix
glycoprotein
found within the plasma membrane; used to keep fluidity of cell in varying temperatures
cholesterol
shows the variability of data from the mean
standard deviation
found in dna and rna
phosphate
unequal sharing of electrons
ionic
function of this organelle is to create vesicles for transport around/out of the cell
golgi apparatus
property of water that makes it a good transport medium
solvent
type of bond between amino acids
peptide bond
excretion of material from a cell
exocytosis
dna+histones
nucleosome
helps form cell walls
cellulose
strand of dna used for transcription
antisense
organic compound made by all living things
dna
portion removed during the formation of the mature rna
intron
trna ________ links the trna to a specific amino acid
activating enzyme
found in polar amino acids and cellulose
hydrogen atoms