the innermost layer of the root cortex, which is a selectively permeable barrier that helps control the movement of water and dissolved minerals, is called the
endodermis
in response to increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, stomata in leaves of some species have ___________.
declined in number
the correct order of structures from outside to inside for a stem that has a vascular cylinder?
epidermis, cortex, stele, pith
the upper angle between a stem and attached leaf is called an
axil
among other functions, the ______ of a vascular plant performs most of the photosynthesis that is conducted by the plant
ground tissue
plant cells called ________ are a type of ground tissue that often develop thick secondary walls that become heavily lignified and are dead when mature
sclerenchyma
specialized outgrowth of the plant epidermis called ________ are hairlike projections, such as root hair
trichomes
sieve members are part of the
phloem
cells called ________ are a type of vascular tissue that join end to end in tubelike columns. they develop thick, lignified cell walls and die at maturity, leaving a water-conducting tube. at maturity the ends of the cells are open or have large openings,
vessel members
can waterproof cell walls, allowing for structures such as watertight conduction channels?
lignin
companion cells are connected via plasmodesmata to
sieve tube members
girdling a tree is eventually lethal because it prevents
sugar transport to roots
plant cells called _______ form flexible support strands such as the "strings" in celery
collenchyma
not typically a main function of stems?
energy capture
what most directly gives rise to primary vascular tissues?
procambium
which of the following is NOT typically found in primary plant cell walls?
lignin
cells called _______ are a type of vascular tissue long with long, tapered, overlapping ends. they developed thick lignified cells walls and die at maturity, leaving a water conducting tube with pits at the tapered end that allow for lateral water transpo
tracheids
cork cambium produces
secondary epidermis
which of the following is true of typical plant development?
growing tips and zones are present throughout a plant's life, and plant bodies do not have a fixed final size
when an apical meristem cell divides, one daughter cell is called the initial and the other is called the derivative. what are the fates of these cells?
the initial remains part of the apical meristem, and the derivative is used to form primary meristems
growth from apical meristems, generally resulting in an increase in the length of a plant, is referred to as
primary growth
starting from the outside and moving in toward the center, what is the correct order of tissues in the stem of a young tree?
primary phloem, secondary phloem, secondary xylem, primary xylem
plant cells called ________ make up the bulk of the soft primary growth of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits
parenchyma
if a living plant cell is placed in a beaker w/ pure water, it will take up water until
within the cell ?P = ? ?S
generally the energy for pumping protons outside of a plant cell comes most directly from
ATP
the Caparian strip of the endodermis stops water from the __________ before it reaches the stele
apoplastic pathway
consider a living plant cell in a living leaf that is not wilted. the solute potential (psiS) of such a cell ____________ than that in the fluids surrounding the cell
typically lower
water that moves through living cells in a root is following the _____________
transmembrane and symplastic pathways
the simultaneous movement of Na+ out of a cell against its concentration gradient and protons into a cell with their concentration gradient is best described as an example of
antiport
stomata open when K+ concentration in guard cells __________, followed by water __________ the guard cells by osmosis
increases, entering
most leaf cells are no more than __________ from a xylem vein
half a millimeter
which of the following generally causes stomata to open
a drop in CO2 concentration in leaf air spaces
Suppose a living plant cell has ?P = 0.4 MPa and ?S = ?0.5 MPa. If the plant cell is placed into a beaker filled with a solution with ? = ?S = ?0.9 MPa, then the cell should
lose water until its ? = ? of the solution
the membrane potential refers to the __________ across a cell membrane
charge difference
A plant cell with a ?P = 0.2 MPa maintains a constant volume when bathed in a solution that has a ?S = ?0.2 MPa and is in an open container. What do you know about the cell?
The cell has a ?S = ?0.4 MPa
the principal driving force for guttation is
root pressure
which plant organelle stores solutes and plays a major role in maintaining turgor pressure
vacuole
the simultaneous movement of sucrose into a cell against its concentration gradient and protons into a cell with their concentration gradient is best described as an example of
symport
which of the following is NOT transported in phloem
nitrate
Consider a living plant cell in a living leaf that is not wilted. The pressure potential (?P) of such a cell ____ than that in the fluids surrounding the cell
is typically higher
under which condition would you expect essentially no transpiration to occur
100 percent relative humidity
which of the following should you expect to find for a living plant cell in a living plant?
a cytoplasm that is slightly more negatively charged than the fluid outside the cell
Active transport in plant root cells requires that those cells have access to O2. Normally there is enough O2 available in air pockets in the soil, but flooded soil has very little O2. Thus, unless they have special adaptations, plants in flooded soil eff
wilting of their leaves
What is the ?P of a living plant cell that has ? = ?0.2 MPa and ?S = ?0.4 MPa
?P = 0.2 MPa
most mineral ions that plants need are
moved into the symplast via active transport
suppose you discover a mutant plant that cannot actively transport solutes across the tonoplast. what should you expect?
the plant will wilt easily
the principal driving force for movement of water into and through the plant shoot is
sunlight
Suppose a living plant cell has ? = ?S = ?0.5 MPa. If the plant cell is placed into a beaker filled with a solution with ? = 0, then the cell should
take up water until within the cell ?P = ? ?S
according to the cohesion-tension mechanism of water transport, cohesion occurs because
water molecules tend to form hydrogen bonds with each other
which of the following DOES NOT have a major effect on the rate of transparation
daily fluctuations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
stomata opened when _________ guard cells and they become ____________
active transport pumps H+ out of; turgid
water that moves through nonliving regions of root, such as air spaces in root tissue, is following the
apoplastic pathway
aquaporins are
channel proteins for water
when a plant has a hypersensitive response, production of ________ triggers effects such as the expression of PR proteins
salicylic acid
what type of plant hormone stimulates stomata to close during a drought?
abscisic acid
darwin's experiments on phototropism illustrated that
a translucent cap placed over a shoot tip will cause a plant to both grow and bend toward light
synthetic compounds similar to which type of plant hormone are used to prolong the shelf life of vegetables such as lettuce and mushrooms and to keep cut flowers fresh?
cytokinins
in systemic acquired resistance, the regulatory protein NPR-1 moves from the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus, apparently in response to a buildup of __________ in the cytoplasm
salicylic acid
the synthesis of ____________ is triggered when cells bind systemin
jasmonate
which type of plant hormone is synthesized mainly in root tips and is apparently transported through the plant in xylem sap?
cytokinins
in monoecious species of plants, plants that have separate "male" and "female" flowers both on the same plant, applications of gibberellin
encourage proportionally more "male" flowers to develop
secondary metabolites are termed "secondary" because
they are not synthesized in all plant cells as part of basic metabolism
according to the acid-growth hypothesis, auxin causes increased acidity in cell walls, which then activates ______________ that disrupts bonds between cellulose microfibrils, allowing cell expansion
proteins called expansins
which type of plant hormone is primarily responsible for promoting the formation of lateral roots?
auxins
trimming a shrub will make it become more bushy (have more lateral growth) primarily due to a reduction in the amount of _____________
auxin
at night, assuming no artificial lights, primarily:
Pfr is converted to Pr
which of the following should prevent a grass seedling shoot from bending toward light?
either removing the shoot tip or placing an opaque cap on the shoot tip
which type of plant hormone appears to play a major role in gravitropism in roots and shoots?
auxins
during daylight hours, primarily:
Pr absorbs red light and is converted to Pfr
placing a ripe apple w/ other apples that are not ripe will cause the other apples to ripen sooner. which type of plant hormone is responsible for this effect?
ethylene
the growth-promoting substance that promotes stem elongation and bending toward light is produced primarily in
the shoot tip
flowering in Arabidopsis appears to require
movement of FT mRNA from leaves to the shoot apex
and agar block filled w/ auxin is placed on top of a shoot that has had the shoot tip removed. the agar block is placed so that it covers only one side of the top of the shoot. what should occur?
the shoot will grow faster on the side w/ the agar block
movement of IAA in a shoot tip is as follows
IAA initially moves laterally from the illuminated to shaded side of the shoot tip
the main stimulus for phototropism is light of __________ wavelengths
blue
the first peptide hormone discovered in plants was ___________, which functions in wound response in the tomato
systemin
suppose you are culturing tobacco in a petri dish at a 10:1 ratio of auxin to cytokinin. to promote only shoot development you would
increase the cytokinin ratio
which statement is NOT true about primary plant growth?
only woody plants show primary growth
tophat question: select all the correct choices
#NAME?
transpiration is supported by which critical factors?
(all of the above)
-root pressure
-capillarity action
-cohesion
-evaporation
plant cells selectively pump different ions in and out of the cell in order to maintain and use a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell, called a membrane potential. Why is this membrane potential important?
these ion movements are a potential source of energy that can perform cellular work
starting from the ouse and moving in toward the center, which gives the correct order of tissues in the steam of a young tree?
primary phloem, secondary phloem, secondary xylem, primary xlyem
tophat question: which of the following statements is false?
negative water potential draws water into the root hair. cohesion and adhesion draw water up the phloem. transpiration draws water from the leaf
abscisic acid (ABA) is synthesized in the roots in response to decreased soil water potential. ABA then translocates to the leaves, where it rapidly alters the osmotic potential of guard cells. What effect would this have on the stomata and the process of
the stomata would close thereby increasing the rate of transpiration
roots obtain cations through cation exchange, where soil particles absorb _____________ provided directly or indirectly by the root, and thus release cations
H+
experiments have shown that even if it is supplied by no other means, plants near the ocean can get enough of the essential micronutrient __________ from the air, and plants can also get this essential micronutrient from sweat from a persons hands
chlorine
most plants would grow best in which of the following situations
a soil with various sizes of air spaces
you might infer from packages of commercial fertilizer that which of the following nutrients are most limiting to plant growth?
nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium
the enzyme nitrogenase is most directly involved in the process called
nitrogen fixation
areas that receive heavy rainfall tend to have __________ soils, and arid regions tend to have __________ soils
acidic; alkaline
which of the following statements about essential elements is FALSE?
an essential element may occasionally be functionally replaced by another element
animals trapped and digested by "carnivorous" plants such as the cobra lily are used primarily as
a nutrient supplement in nutrient-deficient environments
plants cannot enable and prove access to particular nutrients by
releasing carbon dioxide into the soil
a common consequence of nutrient deficiencies in plants is chlorosis, which is
yellowing of plant tissues due to a lack of chlorophyll
plants can generally absorb and make use of nitrogen in the form of
both NO3- and NH4+
the process of producing NH4+ from decaying organic material is called
ammonification
the surfaces of clay particles in soil
often bear negatively charged ions
mycorrhizae are
symbiotic associations between a fungus and plant roots
inside root cells, __________ is converted to ____________, which is then rapidly used to synthesize organic molecules
NO3-; NH4+
which of the following is most important for retaining water in soil for use by plants?
humus
which of the following would you expect to happen if nitrifying bacteria were not present in a soil?
plants would take up nitrogen for their use mainly as NH4+
leghemoglobin, which contains an iron-containing heme group, is used to
deliver O2 to bacteroids
Studies of a soybean plant (Glycine max) and the bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum have shown that the tip of a root hair curls toward the bacterium in response to
nod gene products produced by the bacterium
which of the following elements is considered an essential macronutrient for plants
nitrogen
the soils in which most plants do best are
loams
phytoremediation is
the use of plants to remove pollutants from the environment
which of the following elements is considered an essential micronutrient for plants
copper
hydroponic culture is the process of
growing plants in pure water mixed with carefully measured amounts of specific minerals
when tropical forests are cut for agriculture, they often do not produce highly productive crop growth. what is probably limiting the growth of a crop in the tropical forest?
soil nutrients
along with the egg, in the part of an embryo sac next to the micropyle you should find
synergids
in flowering plants:
the gametophytes are smaller than the sporophytes and do not nourish themselves
the micropyle is
a small opening at one end of an ovule
which of the following occurs for the production of a pollen grain from a microspore mother cell?
meiosis, then mitosis
once a pollen tube lands on a compatible stigma:
chemical cues guide the pollen tube from the stigma to the embryo sav of an ovule
studies have shown that in the flowering plant Arabidopsis the development of parts of a flower is governed by
the expression patterns of several floral organ homeotic genes
a flower must have one or more _____________ to be able to make seeds
carpels
unlike in animal meiosis, meiosis in plants gives rise to
haploid spores
after fertilization in flowering plants, an embryo in a seed
is always a sporophyte
in flowering plants an ovary is part of a(n)
carpel
the female gametophyte in flowering plants is the
embryo sac
many fully differentiated plant cells are totipotent, meaning that they
have the potential to form a whole, fully-funtional plant
in a flower, an anther is typically at the tip of a(n)
filament
in flowering plants how many sperm cells are typically produced from each microspore mother cell?
8
for a typical flowering plant, the first cell of the triploid (3n) endosperm is formed from
one sperm fused with the central cell
a plant species where each plant can only make either male or female flowers is called a __________ species and always has ___________ flowers
dioecious; imperfect
in flowering plants how many egg cells are typically produced from each megaspore mother cell?
1
in seeds, the shift from active metabolism to dormancy, and then reactivation and germination is based on levels of
abscisic acid
the innermost whorl of a flower typically consists of one or more
carpels
a flower with petals, sepals, and one carpel but not stamens is
imperfect and incomplete
a fruit develops from several ovaries in a single flower, such as a raspberry, is called a(n)
aggregate fruit
the female reproductive whorl of a flower typically consists of one or more
carpels
the process of asexual reproduction where a diploid embryo develops from an unfertilized egg or from diploid cells in ovule tissue is called
apomixis
which of the following is the most typical order of events in seed germination?
water imbibtion-seed coat splits-root cells divide and elongate-shoot cells divide and elongate
the embryonic root, which is where the pollen tube enters the ovule prior to fertilization is called the
radicle
meiosis in flowering plants gives rise to cells that are
haploid gametophytes
when pollen from one species lands on the stigma of a flower from another species
the pollen tube typically does not develop
You propose an experiment where root hairs are continuously treated with an antibiotic while nutrient levels in the plant tissue are monitored. Based on your knowledge of root hairs, you hypothesize the plant will experience a deficiency in what nutrient?
Nitrogen
why is it beneficial to plants that soil particles have negatively-charged surfaces?
they attract positively-charged ions and prevent them from being washed deep into the soil
Indicate if the following sentence is true (T) or false (F): If a bacterium containing a mutation in the avirulence gene lands on a plant that has the corresponding R gene, the bacterium may not initiate rapid cell death in the plant.
TRUE
which of the following events would NOT be expected occur during a strong el nino year?
upwelling of cold water along the west coast of the Americas
an increase in air temperature will result in _____________ water vapor in the atmosphere because warm air holds ____________ water vapor than cold air does.
more; more
coastal regions where seawater mixes with fresh water from rivers, streams, and runoff are called __________.
estauries
according to researchers Parmesan and Yohe, how are living systems responding to anthropogenic global warming?
some species are moving northward and others are not, so communities are being disrupted
temperate deciduous forest generally has _______ precipitation and __________ temperature than boreal forest
the same; higher
___________ occur where winter drought reduces photosynthesis and most trees drop their leaves
tropical deciduous forests
identify the trait that is NOT characteristic of the antifreeze protein of polar-dwelling fish
beta pleated sheet structure
a biome is most specifically defined as
a vegetation type plus its associated microorganisms, fungi, and animals
the biologist Donald Perry discovered that rainforest birds interact in what way with the Norantea sessilis vine?
birds that feed on the nectar of the flowers inadvertently transfer pollen from one vine to another on their feet
Most of the following events are characteristic of a la nina weather pattern; select the exception
wet weather on the west coast of the U.S.
some studies suggest that, as global warming progresses, tropical lowland trees may be limited in their ability to move northward because of _________
predicted desertification of temperate areas
most of the following homeostatic responses of animals are obligate; select the exception
basking in the sun
The addition of excess phosphorous causes lakes to become eutrophic because the nutrients trigger blooms of photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Why do these blooms cause low oxygen levels in lakes?
cyanobacteria are net producers of oxygen while alive, but when they die aerobic bacteria use oxygen while decomposing them
which of the following do virtually all scientists agree is occuring
the Earth's atmosphere and oceans are getting steadily warmer
which of the following weather patterns would be characteristic of a la nina event
warm and dry weather in the southern US.
the transformation of humans from hunter-gatherer societies to agriculturally based ones occurred approximately
11000 years ago
a species with a relatively constant rate of mortality in all age classes would most likely exhibit which survivorship curve?
type II
population growth of rabbits in Australia can best be described as
exponential
in the logistic model of population growth, what is expected to happen to r when N=K?
r=0
the intrinsic rate of increase is _________ for bacteria, protists, and animals with short generation time and ___________ for those with long generation time
high; low
a population of mostly _________ individuals with a __________ generation time and _________ proportion of females is expected to show the most growth in the future
prereproductive; short; high
recent studies have demonstrated evolution in populations over a span of time as short as ____________
single years
the method(s) used to study the reproductive behavior of armadillos included which of the following?
statistical techniques and polymerase chain reaction
a human population living without medical care in a developing country would probably have ___________
a pyramid-shaped age structure diagram
lizards can control spider populations on caribbean islands by which density dependent mechanism(s)?
predation and copetition
all of the following choices are descriptive of a population experiencing exponential population growth except __________
resources are limited
life history patterns of guppies in trinidad are a result of which natural selection force?
predation differences in different steams
what was the long-term effect of the introduction of myxoma virus to control rabbits in australia?
the virus became less virulent and the rabbits gained some immunity
in which of the following species would the number of males LEAST affect the rate of population growth?
northern elephant seals
which of the following characteristics would NOT have evolved with the others in the life history strategy of a single species?
low chance of survival in adulthood
investigators using molecular techniques determined that the rapid spread of armadillos into the southern US was due to ______________
unexplained reasons
most of the following factors are intrinsic controls to population growth; select the exception
increased population
a stage 3 society, based on the demographic transition model, would be characterized by all of the following except
an r value approaching 1
a human population with an age structure diagram that is narrower at the base than at the top would have _____________
r<0
marine biologists tagged and released 50 marlin. later, fishermen caught 200 marlin, 15 of which had tags. what is the estimate for the number of marlin in the population?
1,000
A population of 100 animals in logarithmic growth has rmax = 0.4 and K = 102. Using the fact that r = rmax(K ? N)/K, calculate the value of r.
0.0078
the beginning of the industrial and scientific revolution occurred ___________.
when human population size was approximately 1 billion
what conclusion can be drawn from Gause's experiments on interspecific competition in Paramecium?
when two populations of Paramecium use the same limiting resource, they cannot coexist long term
the intermediate disturbance hypothesis posits which of the following?
species richness is greatest in communities that experience frequent moderate distrubances
the relationship between species richness and recovery from natural disturbances can best be summarized as follows:
communities with more diversity recover more rapidly from natural disturbances
a milkweed plant discourages consumption by herbivores by
exuding a toxic sap
succession results from all of the following EXCEPT ____________
stasis
high species richness in the tropics is probably a result of all of the following except ____________
seasonality
An example from the text contrasts two forests, each with 10 species and a total of 50 trees. The first forest has 39 of the 50 trees representing the dominant species. The second forest has 2 of each of the 10 different species. What conclusion can be dr
the second forest is more diverse than the second
what is/are the factor(s) involved in the optimal foraging theory?
energy needed to capture food and energy that food provides
which statement best summarizes the connection between islands and species richness?
the factors influencing species richness on an island are distance from the mainland and island size
which of the following pairs is NOT a mutualism?
ant-yucca plant
an example of commensalism involves which two organisms?
cattle egrets and cattle
which hypothesis states that new species are prevented from entering a community by the exiting species?
inhibition hypothesis
which of the following is NOT a bias that could be encountered when investigating the role of competition in a community?
the assumption that evolution never occurs
what conclusion can be drawn regarding a community in which many species are involved in a food web?
it is more stable since organisms have more than a single food source
an example of an obligatory mutualism involves which two organisms?
acacia trees and ant colonies
the monarch butterfly has an undesirable taste and the Viceroy butterfly has a selective advantage because it looks like the Monarch. This is an example of which process?
Batesian mimicry
which statement is true about the effect of stress on a population?
plants compete more in an ideal environment
which of the following statements is correct?
allopatric populations look the same and use the same resources
how can predators influence the species richness and structure of communities?
reducing the population sizes of their prey
in the experiment involving bluegill sunfish and the choice of diet, when equal numbers of small, medium, and large Daphnia are present:
the sunfish prefer large Daphnia
a panda bear who consumes a diet primarily of eucalyptus leaves would be considered a
specialist and a herbivore
in a study examining the growth of coral in a portion of the Great Barrier Reef, which conclusion concerning alterations in the coral colonies is the most accurate?
changes in the colony are due to both external and internal factors
colonizatiodsn rates from one habitat patch to another are _______ and extinction rates within habitats patches are _________ in contiguous habitats than on islan
higher; lower
the largest reservoir of carbon is
rock
the length of day is __________ apt to change and the sunlight is ________ the equator
less; strongest
name the process that takes place in nodules located on legumes
nitrogen fixation
ecologists use compartment models to
describe nutrient cycling
ocean acidification is being caused by
transfer of carbon dioxide from atmosphere to ocean
humans have disrupted the nitrogen cycle primarily by
using nitrogen-containing fertilizers
which forms of nitrogen are readily usable by plants?
NH4+ and NO3-
which of these following marine ecosystems has the highest mean net primary productivity?
kelp beds and reefs
the Hubbard Brook Watershed project measured all of the following EXCEPT
amount of energy used by consumers
biological magnification is best described as:
the concentration of nondegradable poisons within organisms at higher trophic levels
endothermic animals use the majority of their energy to
stay warm
a small decrease in pH was shown to have a significant effect on
genes involved in building mineralized skeletons in sea urchin larvae
the main natural source of phosphorus is
Earth's crust
all of the following would help to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere EXCEPT
reducing water usage
nitrogen is made available to plants for their use by the process(es) of
ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation
the overall ecological efficiency of most organisms is between
5 and 20 percent
int he hydrologic cycle, water moves from the land to the air by _________ and returns to the land via _________.
transpiration and evaporation; precipitation
respiration would affect a compartment model by
moving both carbon and oxygen from the available organic compartment to the available inorganic component
what is the main cause of carbon dioxide build up in the atmosphere?
burning fossil fuels
which of the following carbon reservoirs contains the most carbon?
oceans
tropical climates are warmer than temperate climates because
tropical climates receive the sun's rays at an almost perpendicular angle; since Earth is a sphere, the temperate climates receive the sun's rays at a much steeper incidence thus spreading the radiation over a broader area
some flowers have distinctive patterns that only reflect ultraviolet light and therefore are invisible to humans; which statement about such markings is NOT correct?
the ultraviolet patterns repel birds and bats from the flowers
if a pollen grain generates only one sperm cell instead of two, then after pollination
the seeds would lack either embryos or endosperm, and is nonviable
The worldwide intrinsic rate of human population growth (r) is currently 1.3%. In the United States, r = 0.6%. How will the U.S. population change relative to the world population?
both the world and the U.S. populations will grow, but the world population will grow more rapidly
Which one of the following expressions from the logistic equation: dN/dt = rN ((K - N)/K) represents the FRACTION of unused resources remaining for use by the population?
(K-N)/K
atlantic cod evolved to mature at a younger age and smaller size due to ______________
overexploitation by fishermen
what were the results of the experiment by Damschen and her colleagues?
over time, the number of native species harbored by habitat patches with landscape corridors was increasingly greater than in isolated habitat patches
in 2002, habitat patches that were connected by corridors had ___________
six more species than isolated habitat patches had
the greatest rate of extinction of all time is/was probably caused by ___________
human activity
the Ngorongoro Conservation Area is an example of __________
mixed use conservation, with some human residents and livestock grazing
conservation biology is a _____________
young science
the genes of a teosinte, a wild relative of corn, were used in crossbreeding with domestic corn in an attempt to produce a _________ variety
perennial
the administration of the drug diclofenac to livestock inadvertently poisoned ________ and led to an increase in the disease ___________.
vultures; rabies
which of the following account for 20% of the greenhouse gases recorded annually?
deforestation of moist tropical forests
how does habitat fragmentation affect biodiversity?
habitat fragmentation is a threat to biodiversity because small habitat patches sustain only small populations
what is the significance of genetic variation?
it is the raw material for adaptation, speciation, and evolution; and it is the most fundamental level of biological organization
what molecule from coal-burning power plants dissolves in water vapor in the air and falls as acid precipitation?
sulfur dioxide
sea otter populations were reduced by overhunting, allowing an overgrowth of one of their prey animals, the _____________, which consumed populations of ____________ and decimated them
sea urchin; kelp
which of the following data were used in the population viability analysis conducted for the yellow-bellied glider?
litter sizes, sex ratios, life span home ranges, survival probabilities, and age distributions
the logical conclusion that can be drawn from Wilcove's experimental data in the graph is that _________
songbird nests in forest fragments are more likely to be found by predators than those in intact tracts of forest
which of the following benefits from biodiversity would be categorized as an ecosystem service?
decomposition of wastes
why have so few primates gone extinct compared to other groups, for example, mussels or birds?
they are among the most closely monitored and protected species
which of the following environments would be most likely to harbor a biodiversity hotspot?
tropical island
Wilcove's experimental design included:
three forest types, multiple nests per forest type and height from ground
conservation biologists conduct a population viability analysis to determine _________
how large a population must be to ensure its long-term survival
scientists at the Natural History Museum in London estimate that more than _______ percent of living species have not yet been discovered
98
most of the following species are invasive exotics except
atlantic cod
when subtropical forest is cleared, what biome is most likely to replace it?
desert with poor eroded soil