2.3 IB Biology Vocab

monomer

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

monosaccharide

Simple sugar with 3-10 carbon atoms per molecule
Ex: Glucose, Ribose, Galactose , Fructose

polymer

Long molecules with repeating structures of simpler molecules called monomers.

maltose

a sugar produced by the breakdown of starch

disaccharide

a sugar composed of 2 monosaccharides joined together
Ex:
Maltose (Glucose + Glucose);
Lactose (Glucose + Glucose);
Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)

condensation reaction

a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a water molecule
(formation of larger molecules involving the removal of water from smaller component molecules.)

lactose

a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule, a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule

sucrose

-disaccharide
-table sugar
-made of glucose and fructose linked by (1,2)-glycosidic bond
-sucrose to glucose and fructose catalyzed by sucrase

hydrolysis reaction

is the breaking of chemical bonds by the addition of water molecules

amylopectin

the noncrystallizable form of starch, consisting of branched polysaccharide chains

fatty acid

Any of the group of a long chain of hydrocarbon derived from the breakdown of fats (through a process called hydrolysis). It has a single carboxylic group and aliphatic tail

amylose

#NAME?

saturated fatty acid

A fatty acid with single bonds between all carbon atoms.

monounsaturated fatty acid

An unsaturated fatty acid that contains only one double or triple bond in the carbon chain, and believed to be a dietary fat that helps reduce LDL cholesterol in blood.

BMI

(BMI) a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height (kg/m2).

nomogram

#NAME?

polyunsaturated fatty acid

a type of molecule that contains more than one double or triple bond in the carbon chain.

lipid

organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar organic solvents.

cis

having certain atoms or radicals on the same side.

trans

having certain atoms or radicals on the different sides.

carbohydrate

Subcomponents: Monosaccharide
Exist in different sizes: monsaccarides , disaccharides and polysaccharides.
most commonly found biochemical molecules in both animals and plants.

trans fats

...

triglycerides

is a lipid molecule made up of one unit of glycerol and three fatty acids, hence the tri- prefix, which means three. looks a little bit like a creature with three tails. The head is glycerol

glycogen

#NAME?

glycerol

a metabolic intermediate and structural component of the major classes of biological lipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids.

cellulose

-long unbranched structural polysaccharide that is highly insoluble in water.
-major component of plant cell walls.
Cellulose is composed of up to 15,000 D-glucose monomers linked by beta 1,4-glycosidic bonds.
-cant be digested by humans

starch

a polysaccharide carbohydrate (C6H10O5)n found in plants that consists of a large number of glucose monosaccharides.