6.2/6.3 Biology Quiz

Pulmonary Circulation

Between the heart and the lungs
Oxygenated blood coming from lungs travels to the left side of the heart
Deoxygenated blood (CO2 rich blood) from the right side of the heart will be pumped back to the lungs

Systemic Circulation

Between the heart and the body
Right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body

Atria

are the top/collecting chambers of the heart
have thinner walls

Ventricles

are the bottom/pumping chambers of the heart
have thicker/muscular walls

Pulmonary Arteries

carry
deoxygenated
blood AWAY from the right side of the heart towards the lungs

Pulmonary Veins

carry
oxygenated
blood to the left side of the heart from the lungs

Arteries

Carry blood
AWAY
from the heart
Most
carry
OXYGENATED (RED)
Blood (Except pulmonary artery going to lungs)
Branch into smaller arteries called
ARTERIOLES
Blood is under
HIGHEST PRESSURE
(from heart) &
PULSES
Have
Thick outer walls
made of collagen & elast

Arterioles

Smaller Arteries

Lumen

Inner space

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels -
microscopic
Lumen is 10 um - only one RBC can fit through
Blood slows
down as it travels through- b/c of more space for blood volume to travel- allows time for exchange
The walls are only
One-cell thin
- so molecules can diffuse a

Veins

Carry blood
TOWARD
the heart
Most
carry
DEOXYGENATED
blood (blue) - except Pulmonary Veins coming from lungs
Small veins are called
VENUOLES
- Venuoles combine to form larger veins
Blood is under
LOWEST pressure
Thinner walls
than arteries and
less elasti

Skeletal Muscles

Helps keep blood flowing in a vein - needed b/c of low pressure

One-Way Valves

Veins have to keep blood from flowing backwards - needed b/c of low pressure

Venuoles

Small veins

Oxygenated Blood

Beginning of the SYSTEMIC circuit (leaving heart to the body)
End of the PULMONARY Circuit (returning to heart from lungs)

Deoxygenated Blood

Beginning of the PULMONARY circuit (leaving heart going to lungs)
End of SYSTEMIC circuit (returning to heart from the body tissues)

Blood Pressure

Arteries leaving the heart are under the highest pressure & Pulses with the heart contractions
Blood pulses in arteries (not veins)
Blood Pressure readings are taken in an artery in the upper arm

Blood flow in Heart

Body cells -> Inferior and superior Vena cava -> Right atrium -> right AV valve -> right ventricle -> right semilunar valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> left AV valve -> left ventricle -> left semilunar valve -> aort

Cardiac Cycle

Diastole- when the chambers (atria and ventricles) are filling with blood, they are relaxed (normal diastole is 80mmHg)
The AV valves are open but the SL valves are closed
When the heart contracts there is an increase in pressure on the blood in the chamb

Disatole

when the chambers (atria and ventricles) are filling with blood, they are relaxed (normal is 80mmHg)

Systole

When the heart contracts there is an increase in pressure on the blood in the chamber causing the blood to leave through the semilunar valves (normal is 120mmHg)

Lub-dub

Heart sounds are associated with closing of heart valves
First sound
occurs as AV valves close and signifies beginning of systole (contraction)
Second sound
occurs when SL valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole (relaxation)

Lub

Both Atria fill with blood
Both Atria contract at same time
Blood moves into ventricles through the AV valves
Valves "slam shut

Dub

Both ventricles contract at same time
Blood moves into the aorta & pulmonary artery through the Semi-lunar valves
Valves "slam shut

Cardiac Muscle

considered
myogenic
since it can initiate contraction without neural stimulation

SA Node

considered
the pacemaker
and
begins each heart beat by stimulating the atria to contract

Medulla

initiates changes in our heart rate when necessary

Sympathetic Nerve

(accelerator) increases heart rate

Parasympathetic Nerve

(decelerator) decreases heart rate

Adrenaline

During periods of stress and increased activity, adrenal glands secrete this, which increases heart rate by acting on the SA node

Plasma

Pale yellow liquid
50-60% of blood
All cells are suspended in it

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Full of Hemoglobin to carry O2

Leucocytes (White Blood Cells)

Immune system
Fight disease (bacteria, viruses, fungal infections, etc.)

Platelets

Blood clotting

Functions of Blood

Carries dissolved materials to all cells
Fights infectious disease

Nutrients

glucose, amino acids, vitamins/minerals absorbed by small intestine

Oxygen

needed for cellular respiration

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

waste product of cellular respiration

Urea

waste product from the breakdown of amino acids; toxic and removed by the kidneys (part of urine)

Hormones

from glands to target cells

Antibodies

produced by leukocytes to fight infection

Heat

maintain homeostasis of body temperature (98.6degF)

Atherosclerosis

the slow buildup of plaque, which is composed of lipids, cholesterol, cell debris, and calcium
as plaque builds up it causes the arteries to become harder and less flexible preventing them from transporting blood efficiently

Coronary arteries

The heart has 3 of these that supply the heart with oxygen

Stenosis

If atherosclerosis leads to this (a significant blockage) in one of these arteries the heart muscle cells can be deprived of oxygen

Coronary Thrombosis

When a coronary artery or any main artery is fully blocked it can cause this (a heart attack)

Risks of Coronary Thrombosis

Factors that cant be controlled:
Age, heredity, race, gender
Factors that can be controlled:
High cholesterol
Smoking
High blood pressure
Stress
Diabetes
Obesity/lazy lifestyle

Pathogen

A disease causing agent
Can be living (bacteria, worm, protist, fungus) or non-living (virus)
Most are VIRUS or BACTERIA

Elephantiasis

pathogenic worms block lymphatic vessels -- causes severe edema (swelling)

Skin

Waterproof barrier of
dead
cells
Secretions repel bacteria
"Healthy" normal bacteria "out-compete" bad bacteria

Stomach acid

HCL kills bacteria in stomach

Mucous Membranes

Trap pathogens (sticky)
Have Lysosome enzyme to kill pathogens
Sometimes paired with cilia to "sweep" pathogens out (respiratory system)
Found in respiratory, urinary, reproductive and intestinal tracts

Secretions

Tears, mucous, and saliva have Lysosome enzyme to kill bacteria

Flushing Out

Urination, diarrhea, vomiting

Blood Clotting

Platlets & plasma form a "plug" to prevent pathogen entry into