Function of prokaryotic cell parts
a) Flagellum
b) Ribosomes
c) Pilli
d) Cell Wall
e) Cytoplasm
f) Nucleoid
g) Plasma membrane
a) Movement
b) Protein Synthesis
c) Attachment, DNA transfer
d) Protective coating
e) Contains enzymes for metabolism
f) Region containing closed-loop DNA
g) Controls entry and exit of substances
a) Eukaryotes
b) Symbiont Theory
a) Contain 'true' nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
b) Smaller unicellular organisms were engulfed and became part of larger organisms, eventually specializing to become organelles in a cell
Functions of Eukaryotic cell parts
a) Plasma Membrane
b) Nucleus
c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
d) Cytoplasm
e) Mitochondria
f) Free Ribosomes
g) Lysosomes
h) Golgi apparatus
a) Outer limit cell controls entry/exit of nutrients and waste
b) membrane-bound nucleus contains all genetic info in chromosomes, densely packed area of DNA
c) Ribosomes on rough ER produce proteins to be exported from cell
d) Contains many enzymes and s
Compare and contrast prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
a) Prokaryotes have:
b) Eukaryotes have:
a) Size: 1-3 um
DNA: Closed loop
Nucleus: DNA in cytoplasm
Organelles: "cell parts"
Ribosomes: 70S (small)
Mitochondria: No
b) Size: 01-100 um
DNA: Double helix
Nucleus: Has nuclear membrane
Organelles: membrane bound
Ribosomes: 80S (big)
Mitochondria: Ye
Define:
a) Extracellular components
a) Outer limit of cell defined as plasma membrane, plant cell wall beyond the membrane known as extracellular components
Explain how the process of mitosis is regulated
- Eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system, cancer cells escape this control.
- Chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the cell cycle.
- There are both internal and external controls with specific checkpoints where cells get go
Explain the prophase process of mitosis
- Nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to breakdown
- DNA condenses to form chromosomes while mitotic spindle, made of microtubules begins to form and attaches to kinetochores on each chromosome
Explain the metaphase process of mitosis
-Chromosomes are moved to the centeral plate of the cell by the spindle microtubules
Explain the anaphase process of mitosis
- Microtubules attached to kinetochores of each chromosome shorten drawing the chromatids of each chromosome to opposite ends of the cell, while unattached microtubules elongate stretching the cell
Explain the telophase process of mitosis
- Chromatids, now called chromosomes, reach the poles of the cell as the unattached microtubules continue to elongate
- The nuclear membrane begin to reform as the nucleoli reappear and the chromosomes relax as the DNA unwinds
Explain the cytokinesis process of mitosis
- In animal cells: cleavage furrow forms at the center on either side of the cell "pinching through" until the original cell is divided into two daughter cells
- In plant cells: rigid cell wall makes it different
Explain the Interphase G1 process of mitosis
- Cell carries out its differentiated function and produces more organelles
- Proteins and DNA are synthesised and mitochondria and chloroplasts are produced
- Most important checkpoint, if checkpoint is passed then S, G2 and M are passed as well. If not
Explain the Interphase S and G2 process of mitosis
- Interphase S Checkpoint:
DNA replicates producing copy of each chromosome, so that each daughter cell had correct number of chromosomes
- Interphase G2 Checkpoint:
Cell prepares for division
Draw the simplified (ring) structures of glucose and ribose. Number the carbon atoms correctly. Which sugar is a pentose? Which is a hexose? How are they named this way?
- Ribose: pentose sugar because it has 5 carbons
- Glucose: hexose sugar because it has 6 carbons
What is:
a.) Condensation
b.) Hydrolysis
a.) Condensation is the anabolic reaction which builds organic molecules.
b.) Hydrolysis is the catabolic reaction which breaks down organic molecules.
Sugars and Carbohydrates have what kind of structure?
Amino acids and proteins have what kind of structure?
Lipids: fats & oils have what kind of structure?
Sugars/Carbs have a 5 to 4 carbons and one oxygen. Are hexose or pentose structures.
Amino acids/proteins have N-C-C structure with hydrogens attached to N, C has double bond with O
Lipids have C-C-C structure with H and OH.
Main roles of Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Iron, Calcium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Sodium and Potassium.
Carbon and Hydrogen are foundation of organic molecules found in living things
Hydrogen ions are used in active transport, photosynthesis, cell respiration
Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration
Nitrogen is used in the production of amino acids
Iron is imp
Properties of Water
- Thermal Properties, high specific heat capacity
- Cohesive properties, surface tension
- Solvent properties
-Transport properties
- Cohesion: molecules of water stick together
- Adhesion: Water will stick to other surfaces
- Capillary Action: water's ab
Polarity of Water
Water is polar molecule, oxygen exerts greater pull over the shared electron moving them closer to the oxygen.
Oxygen is slightly negative, hydrogen is slightly positive.
Hydrogen bonds are attractions between polar molecules
Protein structures
- Primary: Is the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
- Secondary: Is the folding or coiling of the polypeptide into a repeating configuration
Includes the ? helix and the ? pleated sheet
- Tertiary: Is the overall three-dimensional shape of a
Define nucleotide
Single unit in DNA
purines: adenine and guanine
pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine
C only pairs with G (3 hydrogen bonds)
A only pairs with T (2 hydrogen bonds)
Part 1 of DNA replication
- Helicase unwinds the double helix separating the strands of DNA, breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands
- 2 separated strands become template for the synthesis of the new strands
- DNA polymerase creates complementary strands
- DNA polymerase
Part 2 of DNA replication
- RNA primer synthesized on parent DNA using RNA primase
Polymerase III adds nucleotides to (3' end) added according to complementary base pairing rules (A=T, G=C)
- Nucleotides added are in the form of as deoxynucleoside triphosphate. Two phosphate group
Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes:
- No need to modify after transcription and before translation (no nuclear membrane)
- Ribosomes = adjacent to chromosomes
- Chromosomes have many polysomes directly attached to it
Eukaryotes:
-Need to modify mRNA (snrnps+RNA= splicesomes)
-
Coding vs. Noncoding region of DNA in eukaryotic cells
Coding: Exon code for polypeptides - express sequence
Noncoding: Introns: Intruding sequence. Edited out of messenger RNA then mRNA is translated
Dogma of Genetics
Genes code for making polypeptides
DNA is stored in the nucleus, the polypeptide is produced in the cytoplasm by ribosomes.
mRNA is a message from the ribosome for how to put together the polypeptide.
The genetic code is the sequence of bases on mRNA, tel
Protein synthesis: Transcription and translation
Transcription: RNA polymerase makes mRNA molecule that is complementary to DNA
Translation: mRNA is posted out of the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes. Ribosomes use complementary base pairing to 'read' codons on mRNA. tRNA molecules with corresponding a
Transcription vs. Translation
Transcription:
-Input: DNA
-Genetic code: triplets
-Output: mRNA
-Location: nucleus
-Molecules used: RNA Polymerase. RNA nucleotides
Translation:
-Input: mRNA
-Genetic code: Codons
-Output: polypeptide
-Location: Ribosome (RER/cytoplasm)
-Molecules used:
Define:
- Enzymes
- Substrate
- Active site
Enzyme: globular protein which acts as catalyst for biochemical reactions, and lower the activation energy of a reaction
- High temp causes denaturation
- pH change causes denaturation
- Substrate concentration affects
Substrate: reactant in biochemical r
Effect of temperature on Enzyme activity
Effect of pH on enzyme activity
Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity
- Temperature increases. rate of reaction increases, above optimum temp leads to denaturation.
- Operate within optimum pH
- Increasing concentration increases rate of reaction, at optimum enzyme works at max
Any increase beyond optimum will have no effec
Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition
Inhibitor fits active site and prevents substrate from entering
Inhibitor fits into allosteric site causing conformational change in active site, substrate cannot attach to react
What is Cell Respiration?
Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy by enzymes from organic compounds in cells to form ATP from ADP and phosphate ions in the cell.
- Glucose (6C) enters cytoplasm is split into 2 pyruvate molecules in cytoplasm (hexokinase), with small y
Compare aerobic and anaerobic cell respiration
Similarities:
- Both start w/glucose
- Both produce pyruvate (by glycolysis)
- Both produce ATP
- Both produce CO2
Differences:
Aerobic
- Uses O2
- High yield of ATP
- Waste products: CO2 and H2O
- Pyruvate carried to mitochondria
- Can metabolize other m
What does Photosynthesis do?
What affects the rate of photosynthesis?
- Photosynthesis: generates chemical store of energy in the form of carbs. Converts light energy to chemical energy
- Light dependent reactions use light energy to produce ATP and to split H20 making H+ ions
- Light independent reactions use ATP and H+ io
Chlorophyll and light
Chlorophyll is main pigment, Green light is reflected. Blue and red wavelengths are absorbed
Define:
a) Species
b) Habitat
c) Population
d) Community
e) Ecosystem
f) Ecology
a) A group of organisms that can interbreed
b) environment a species normally lives
c) A group of organisms of the same species
d) a group of populations
e) A community and its abiotic environment
f) Study of relationships between each of these
Define:
a) Autotrophs/Producer
b) Heterotrophs/Primary consumer/Secondary Consumer
c) Detritivores and Saprotrophs
a) Some organisms capable of making their own organic molecules as a food source
b) Cannot make their own food from inorganic matter and must obtain it through other means
c) Eat feces and dead matter and promote decay
Define light dependent reactions
light dependent reactions occur on the thylakoid membranes
- photolysis of water releases H ions which can be used by ATP synthetase to produce ATP. NADP is reduced to NADPH and H. Oxygen is a waste product
- photophosphorylation
Define light independent reactions
Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
- carbon fixation
- calvin cycle
- synthesis of carbs
Glucose phosphate produced, stored as starch or used for growth ot respiration
Why does eukaryotic DNA need to be supercoiled?
- essential to pack genetic material into the nucleus
to organise DNA to allow cell division to occur (most DNA supercoiling occurs at this time)
- to control DNA expression - supercoiled DNA cannot be transcribed
- allow cells to specialise by permanentl