Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, Southern
What are the five oceans around the world
landmasses, ocean floor ridges, or the equator
What are the boundaries of the five oceans
Seas
where the oceans and land meet, producing a variety of coastline habitats
Marine ecology
Study of ecological interactions within the ocean, study of marine organisms in their habitats
estuary
a partially enclosed body of water formed where a river flows into an ocean, fresh water and salt water mix by the tides.
ecosystem
the living organisms and the environment which they interact, living organisms and non living environmental factors
biotic factors
living parts of an ecosystem such as the producers, consumers, and decomposers. Feeding relationships and predator-prey relationships.
abiotic factors
nonliving parts of an ecosystem like the physical, geological, and chemical features.
geological:substrate, topography, sediment
physical: temperature, sunlight, wave action, light intensity, wind, tides, currents, pressure, wavelength
chemical: pH, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, nutrients, salinity
What are some examples of abiotic factors in the ecosystem
habitat
natural environment where an organism lives where organisms can find shelter, get food, mate, have protection
wetlands, mangroves, salt marshes
What habitats do estuaries form from brackish water and sediment settling
where it lives and how it moves
What is the habitat defined by for an organism
planktonic organisms
drift in the water column or swim weakly in the ocean, going where the currents go, unable to move consistently against waves or current flow. Habitat is drifting in the ocean currents.
nektonic organisms
can actively swim in their habitat like fish, marine reptiles, and mammals
benthic organisms
they live on the seabed in their habitat, like tubeworms, starfish, and crabs.
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed naturally and produce fertile offspring.
binomial nomenclature
Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name formulated by Carolus Linnaeus. The first part is the genus and the second part is the species.
The genus should always be capitalized while the species name should not. The name should be italicized when typing. The name should be underlined when writing.
How should you write or type binomial nomenclature which classifies a species?
population
all of the organisms in the same species that live at the same place at the same time and are able to reproduce
reproduction or new individuals joining the population area
What causes population increases?
death or individuals leaving the population area
What causes population decreases?
Carrying capacity
largest population that can be sustained by the available resources over time.
limiting factors
resources that are less than optimal or get used up, can result in a reduced population. They can be abiotic or biotic.
competition and predation
What are some examples of biotic limiting factors that can reduce a population
living space, food, water temperature,pH, light intensity
What are some examples of abiotic limiting factors that can reduce a population when less than optimal
community
all of the different populations occupying a habitat at the same time
biome
A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms. Examples are intertidal, rocky, sandy, and muddy shores, coral reefs, and the seabed.
biodiversity
measure of the numbers of different species present, takes into account the number of different species present and the range of habitats and ecosystems
ecological niche
role of a species within an ecosystem
feeding relationships(what they feed)
temporal relationships (time they feed)
spatial relationships (where they feed)
What are some interrelationships between different organisms with different ecological niches
symbiosis
an interspecies relationship between two or more organisms from different species living in close physical association, dependent on one another
symbiont and the host
In a symbiotic relationship, what are the names of the two different organisms called
mutualism
a relationship between two different organisms where both benefit
commensalism
a relationship between two different organism where one is benefited and one is neither harmed nor helped
parasitism
a relationship between two different organisms where one benefits at the expense of the host
competition
a relationship where both species are negatively affected by trying to fill the same ecological niche
predation
a relationship between two organisms where a predator hunts, kills, and eats the prey
coral and zooxanthellae, chemosynthetic bacteria and tubeworms, cleaner fish and shrimp and grouper
What are some examples of mutualism (where two organisms benefit from a relationship)
coral is the host, zooxanthellae is the symbiont
What is the host and the symbiont in the coral and zooxanthellae mutualistic relationship
zooxanthellae
single celled algae in a mutualistic relationship with coral
zooxanthellae benefits: carbon dioxide from coral for photosynthesis, safe habitat, and minerals from coral waste products
coral benefits: nutrients from zooxanthellae like oxygen and glucose
How does the zooxanthellae and the coral benefit from the mutualistic relationship
chemosynthetic bacteria
tube worms like riftia and tevnia live in deep sea vents where there is no light in the aphotic zone, so photosynthesis is not possible. Tube worms host ____________ ______________ in a mutualistic relationship
tubeworm benefit: organic matter from the chemosynthetic bacteria
chemosynthetic bacteria benefit: they live in the trophosome in the chemosynthetic bacteria where they get hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen from the plume at the tip of the tube
How does the chemosynthetic bacteria and the tubeworms benefit from the mutualistic relationship
chemosynthesis
Process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates, using carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and oxygen
symbiont: cleaner fish like wrasses and gobies, and cleaner shrimps
host: reef fish, sharks, and sea turtles going to cleaning stations at the top of coral
In the cleaner fish, shrimps, and grouper mutualistic relationship, what is the symbiont and what is the host
cleaner shrimp and cleaner fish benefit: nutrients from the dead skin and parasites removed, protection from predators when cleaning
Hosts: reduced infection from removal from removal of parasites from skin, mouth, and gills
How does the cleaner shrimp and fish benefit and how do the host benefit from the mutualistic relationship
sharks and remoras, whales and barnacles
What are some examples of commensalism
reproduction
A large portion of a parasites energy is used for ______________
Symbiont: salmon louse Host: Pacific salmon
What is the parasite (symbiont) and the host in the ectoparasitic relationship between salmon and salmon louse (salmon lice)
Salmon louse benefit: nutrients from the mucus or skin of the Pacific Salmon
Pacific Salmon negatively affected: young fish die, adult fish get disease that is carried in between the lice
How does the parasite benefit and the host is affected by the ectoparasitic relationship between the salmon louse (fish lice) and the Pacific salmon
ectoparasites
parasites that live outside of their host
endoparasites
parasites that live inside of their host, like in the gills, muscle tissue, or digestive system
nematodes or roundworms are in tuna, tapeworms in whales that get nutrients and shelter
What are some examples of endoparasitism
quadrat
a square used in ecology and geography to isolate a sample, usually 1 m squared or 0.25 m sqaured. Investigates the diversity of organisms in a suitable habitat
candiru
parasite in Cichlids and other Brazil fish that is infamous for swimming up human urethras
producer
an organism that can produce its own food energy, they provide food for all other organisms, they are self feeders as autotrophs, synthesize organic food from inorganic compounds and an energy source
autotroph
producer, an organism that can produce its own food energy, self feeder
photoautotroph
a producer that produces its own food energy from inorganic compounds and light energy
chemoautotroph
a producer that produces its own food energy from inorganic compounds and chemical energy
they use pigments like chlorophyll
How do photoautotrophs trap light energy from the sun
mangroves, seaweed, seagrass, kelp, cyanobacteria, phytoplankton (diatoms and dinoflagellates)
What are some examples of marine photoautotrophs
they produce half of the worlds oxygen and are a sink for carbon dioxide. Dinoflagellates form ocean blooms or red tides. Diatoms are single celled with a silicolm shell.
Why are phytoplankton like diatoms and dinoflagellates essential to life on Earth
from the oxidation of sulfur in hydrogen sulfide
How do chemoautotrophs make their own food energy
Aerobic chemoautotrophs
What is the type of chemoautotrophs that need oxygen, like the bacteria in tubeworms in the mutualistic relationship
anaerobic chemoautotrophs
What is the type of chemoautotrophs that do not need oxygen like the ones that live in the sediment in the deep sea
CO2+H2O+H2S+O2----->CH2O+H2SO4
What is the chemical formula for aerobic chemosynthesis where producers can produce food energy from inorganic material and chemical energy
consumer
an animal that feeds on other organisms to gain food energy
secondary productivity
the rate at which consumers convert the chemical energy of their food into their own biomass
predators that kill and eat prey (sharks)
herbivores that eat plants (manatees)
suspension feeders that filter water (mussels)
grazers that scrape algae (limpets, sea urchins, parrotfish)
What are some types of consumers
zooplankton
What are some important consumers that include copepods, foraminifera, and krill. Copepods feed on diatoms. Krill are carnivores that feed on zooplankton and phytoplankton. Krill are an important food source for many species