How do viruses reproduce?
with the help of a host cell (lytic cycle)
What are the steps of the lysogenic cycle?
attachment, injection, integration, cell multiplication
What are the steps of the lytic cycle?
the virus finds a host, the virus's genes enter the host, the host cell replicates the virus's genes, and the host cell is destroyed
virus
a microscopic particle that gets inside a cell and often destroys the cell, e.g. HIV/AIDS, common cold, influenza
Why are viruses considered non-living?
A virus does not have a lifespan, cannot maintain its internal environment, cannot replicate on its own, does not grow, and does not produce its own energy
Where does a virus reproduce?
in a host cell
Once a virus has entered a living cell, what does it force the cell to do?
To make viruses rather than new healthy cells
What characteristics do scientists use to group viruses?
shape, type of disease, life cycle, or the kind of genetic material
How does a virus's protein coat help a virus?
It protects the genetic material and helps a virus enter its host
lytic cycle
the cycle in which viruses attack living cells and turn them into virus factories before erupting from the cell and killing it
What are three ways people can help prevent viral infections?
Have current vaccinations, wash hands, and never touch wild animals
What are the domains of living things?
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
What shape are bacteria?
bacilli (rod-shaped), cocci (spherical), or spirilla (spiral-shaped)
cell wall
what gives bacteria their shape
cocci
Spherical (round) shape of bacteria
bacilli
are rod-shaped bacteria with or without flagella.
spirilla
These are spiral or coiled shaped. They are rigid forms due to the spiral structure and bear flagella at one or both the ends.
flagella
hairlike parts that spin to push a bacterium through water or other liquids
pathogenic bacteria
bacteria that cause disease
prokaryote
an organism that consists of a single cell that does not have a nucleus
eukaryote
a cell or cells with a nucleus
How are prokaryotes like eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes move, get energy and reproduce just like cells that have a nucleus
How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?
Prokaryotes are simpler and smaller. They function like an individual organism and reproduce differently.
binary fission
Asexual reproduction in a single-celled organism by which one cell divides into two single-celled organisms. This is how bacteria reproduce.
What are the four steps of reproduction by binary fission?
The cell grows, the DNA is copied and attached to the cell membrane, the DNA and its copy separate and grow larger, and the cell splits in two then each new cell has a copy of the DNA.
endospore
a thick walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions
what may happen to endospores when conditions improve in areas that have been hot, cold, or very hot
the endospores break open and the bacteria became active again
bacteria
most known prokaryotes
producers
bacteria that use energy from sunlight to make their own food
decomposers
bacteria that feed on dead organisms
consumers
bacteria that eat other organisms, or live in or on the body of another
cyanobacteria
producer bacteria that contain the green pigment chlorophyll
what are two effects of pigments found in cyanobacteria
flamingos get pink color from eating red cyanobacteria and the pigment helps in photosynthesis gives a blue tint
salt lovers
archaea that live in salty environments, such as the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake
methane makers
archaea that live in swamps and animal intestines
heat lovers
archaea that live in ocean vents and hot springs, at temperatures between 60 and 80
what kind of area do archaea prefer
area with little or no oxygen
what is the difference between the cells of archaea and the cells of bacteria
Bacteria contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall; archaea do not. The cell membrane in bacteria is a lipid bilayer; in archaea, it can be a lipid bilayer or a monolayer. Bacteria contain fatty acids on the cell membrane, whereas archaea contain phytanyl.
what are three extreme environments where archaea have been found
hot springs of Yellow Stone National Park, 430m under ice in Antarctica, and 8km below the Earth's surface
Monerans
are a group of one-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus. Along with Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals, make up the five kingdoms of living things.
what are three places where bacteria live
our water, our food, and our bodies
what are bacteria neccessary for
Some bacteria degrade organic compounds for energy, and without bacteria, the earth would have no soil in which to grow plants. Bacteria living in the gut can help animals break down food. These so-called 'good bacteria' help maintain the conditions neces
how do bacteria help the earth
they help recycle dead animals and plants
soil
where do plants get nitrogen from
nitrogen fixation
the process in which bacteria change the form of nitrogen so plants can use it
decomposer bacteria
how do bacteria recycle leaves and twigs
why is it important to break down dead matter
it makes nutrients available to other living things
what is one way bacteria are good for people
they are used to make many foods
lactose
the sugar in milk
genetic engineering
changing the genes of bacteria or other living things
what are three types of products that scientists can make using genetic engineering
insectisides, cleaners, and adhesives
vaccination
what is used to treat many bacterial diseases
what are the types of organisms that can be attacked by pathogenic bacteria.
viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
Prions
: A small proteinaceous infectious disease-causing agent that is believed to be the smallest infectious particle. A prion is neither bacterial nor fungal nor viral and contains no genetic material. and are misshaped and can cuase other protins to become m
Virod
strand or DNA/RNA which lacks a capsid or envelope
Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage is a type of virus that attacks only bacteria. It uses the bacteria to reproduce itself. Bacteriophages work by injecting their own DNA into bacterial cells. They use the biological machinery of the bacteria to reproduce, and many more vir
Capsid
Outer protein coat of a virus
DNA and RNA
genetic material
Taxonomy
The scientific study of how living things are classified
Kingdom
First and largest category used to classify organisms
Phylum
in classification, a group of closely related classes
class
Group of similar orders
family
(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera
Genus
group of closely related species; the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature
Species
A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring
binomial nomenclature
Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
blue-green algae
Photosynthetic procaryotes that contain chlorophyll and phycocyanin pigments and often move by gliding. another name for cyanobacteria
Autotrophic
An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs.
Phototropic
adj.tending to grow or move towards light
because they are phototropic, daisies always grow towards the sun
Chemotrophic
Using chemical energy as an energy source. Some examples of chemoautotrophs include sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and iron-oxidizing bacteria. Cyanobacteria are included in the nitrogen-fixing bacteria that are categorized as chemoau
Heterotrophic
Organisms that are unable to construct their own food from inorganic sources, and therefore must consume other organisms or organic molecules from the outside environment. Function as consumers or decomposers in food chains.
Saprophytic
organic matter relationship in which an organism obtains its nourishment from dead organic matter. (of some plants or fungi)
Plasmid
A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome
diplo
two
strepto
chains of bacteria
staphylo
arranged in clusters
obligate anaerobes
carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2
obligate aerobic bacteria
require oxygen
facultative anaerobes
can survive with or without oxygen
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen .The chemical action of yeast on sugars
Mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
Conjugation
In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
Endospore
A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions.
reproduction of virus
Viruses must be inside a living cell to reproduce. If the Virus is active (such as the common cold) it will immediately begin to reproduce.
Viruses and genetic engineering
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how can viruses cause mutation
Genetic Change in Viruses. Viruses are continuously changing as a result of genetic selection. They undergo subtle genetic changes through mutation and major genetic changes through recombination. Mutation occurs when an error is incorporated in the viral
Characteristics of Monera
The Monerans are unicellular organisms.
They contain 70S ribosomes.
The DNA is naked and is not bound by a nuclear membrane.
It lacks organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, plastids, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, centrosome, etc.
They reproduce a
Monera
They are unicellular organism found mostly in a moist environment. They are found in hot springs, snow, deep oceans or as parasites in other organisms.
The monerans do not possess any membrane-bound organelles.
Importance of Monera.
Importance of Monera. a) Production of food: cheese, yogurt, vinegar, wine, sour cream, etc. synthesize drugs and chemicals. sometimes called symbionts.
5 ways we control monerans growth
boil , antibody , jam a lot of suger , pikel them , use x rays to oblivarte them