potential energy
stored energy
kinetic energy
energy of motion
first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
second law of thermodynamics
every energy transfer will always result in a greater amount of disorder in the universe
entropy
A measure of disorder
Tropic level
each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.
heat energy
a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature
mechanical energy
Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object
anabolic
small molecules are built into large ones
catabolic
large molecules are built into small ones
Exergonic
Chemical reactions that release energy
endergonic reaction
Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
enzyme
type of protein that accelerates the rate at which a chemical reaction takes place in an organism.
activation energy
the amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur
couple reactions
Reactions in which an energy yielding exergonic reaction powers an energy-requiring endergonic reaction
Substrate Binding
Only a few amino acids that typically make up an enzyme will be involved in substrate binding
autotrophs
all primary producers, organisms that make their own food
Heterotroph
consumers, rely on other organisms for food
Transpiration
Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant, xylem
Translocation
pressure flow moves in all directions from source to sink, phloem
vascular bundles
plant stem structure that contains xylem and phloem tissue
stomates
pores in leaf
Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
thylakoid
Where does the light-independent reaction take place?
stroma
Intermembrane space
space between the 2 outer membranes
Thylakoid space
thylakoids = flattened membranous sacs inside chloroplast
chlorophyll embedded within thylakoid membrane
(separates thylakoid space from stroma)
Stroma
thick fluid outside/surrounding thylakoids, inside chloroplast
Light Reactions (photo-)
convert light energy to chemical energy
energy stored (temporarily!) in bonds of ATP & NADPH
O2 gas produced as byproduct, released
occurs in the thylakoids of the leaves chloroplasts
Calvin cycle (-synthesis)
set of cyclic rxns. where carbon fixation occurs
-incorporation of atmospheric carbon (CO2) into organic molecules (sugar)
powered by NADPH and ATP
occurs in the stroma of the leaves chloroplasts
natural selection
�A process through which traits that confer a reproductive advantage to individual organisms grow more common in populations of organisms over successive generations.