What are bryophytes?
plants with no vascular system requiring water to be fertilized
List three types of bryophytes
mosses, liverworts, hornworts
define xylem and phloem
Both are plant vascular tissue. Xylem transports water and phloem transports manufactured food.
What are horsetails and what were they originally used for in early settler developments?
Seedless vascular hollow stem plants that were used as pot scrubbers.
What are four characteristics of ferns?
Tropical Ferns Enjoy Special Soils
T (Tropical)
F (Fronds)
E (Epiphytic)
S (Spore)
S (Seedless)
What is the relationship between the cuticle and stomata of the leaf?
Stomates are located in the waxy cuticle
Why are cycads classified as dieocious?
Because both sexes are not found on the same plant. They have separate male and female plants.
What are two main reasons angiosperms have surpassed other plant types in evolution?
1. They can be pollinated by other means other than water related. (Bees, birds, wind)
2. They tend to grow faster than others (faster growth rate to maturity).
List and define the five main flower components of Angiosperms?
Carpel� Receptacle. Contains the female ovule in an ovary. Plants may have one or more carpels. They may be positioned higher or lower on the receptacle tissue.
Sepal�modified leaf that makes us the flower calynx that protects the inner petals and reprodu
How may a monoecious plant have an imperfect flower?
A monoecious plant has both sexes on the same plant however these sexes may be present in two separate flowers in a different location on the plant.
What are three main differences between monocots and eudicots?
Monocots have one storage tissue; Eudicots have two or more
Monocots have parallel leaf venation; Eudicots have a netted venation
Monocots have fibrous root systems; Eudicots have a tap root system
Define fungi
These organisms are heterotrophs that cannot make their own food. They must obtain organic compounds that others have already synthesized.
List and define the two types of fungi
1. Saprobes---fungi that feed on and thus decompose organic wastes and remains.
2. Parasites�fungi that withdraw nutrients from the tissue of a living hosts.
What are five major impacts that fungi have on the economy and the ecology?
Cause disease, produce toxins, decomposes and can be consumed.
List and describe with one word the four fungal groups?
Zygomycetes-- Black Fungi
Ascomycetes�Sac Fungi
Basidiomycetes�Club Fungi
Deuteromycetes�Imperfect Fungi.
Define meristematic tissue and what three areas of the plant is it found?
Meristematic tissue is tissue of rapidly dividing, undifferentiated cells. It is found in the shoot tips, root tips, and lateral shoots.
List and define the three simple tissue types found in plants?
Parenchyma makes up most primary growth
Collenchyma supports growing plant parts
Sclerenchyma contains lignin for support.
Draw the photosynthetic reaction?
6CO2 + 6H20 + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
What are three types of leaf arrangements? Describe each type
Opposite�two leaves are placed at each node on the stem.
Alternate�one leaf is place at each node on the stem
Whorled�three or more leaves are placed at each node on the stem.
List 5 modified stems and give one example of each?
Bulb basal plate- onion, tulip
Tuber- Irish potato
Corm- gladiolus, caladium
Rhizomes- iris
Stolons- grass plant
Runner- strawberry plant, airplane plant
Tendril- vines, grapes
Define compensation point and how it relates to plant nutrition
The Photosynthetic rate equals the respiration rate and no growth occurs.
What are six plant macronutrients and briefly describe why they are necessary for good plant growth and development?
Carbon (C)�plant structure, carbohydrates
Hydrogen (H)�plant structure, carbohydrates
Oxygen (O)�plant structure, carbohydrates
Nitrogen (N)�chlorophyll molecule
Phosphorus (P)�production of energy (ATP)
Potassium (K)�enzyme action.
What is a physiological disease?
Physiological diseases are diseases caused by non-pathogens. They mainly are due to toxicity or deficiencies of a necessary nutrient.
Give two specific examples of physiological diseases and their causes?
Pecan rosette- caused by a deficiency of zinc in pecan trees
Azalea yellows- caused by deficiency of iron
What is photoremediation?
The use of hybrid plants to remove dangerous toxins from highly contaminated sites.
How is soil leaching and soil erosion different? Alike?
Both decreases soil fertility and negatively affect plant life. Soil leaching removes nutrients from the soil whereas in soil erosion, entire soil horizons are lost completely.
List five plant hormones?
Auxins
Ethylene
Abscisic Acid
Gibberellins
Cytokinins
Who was the first person to work with simple plant genetics?
Gregor Mendel
What is micropropagation?
Propagating new plants from meristematic cells in test tubes under laboratory conditions.
What is plant graftage?
Plant graftage is the joining together of two plant parts to make one plant
What are two benefits of plant graftage?
Faster fruiting, higher disease resistance, higher cold tolerance and reducing height
What are two botanical classifications of a simple fruit and give one example of each?
Fleshy fruits- berry, Pepo, pome, hesperidium
Dry Fruits- samara, capsule, nut, legume