Chapter 26 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

-Archaea
-Bacterica
-Eukarya

domains of life

-Archaea
-Bacteria

Biologist classify prokaryotes into which two of the three domains?

prokaryotes

no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles - their DNA and some proteins are localized in the cytoplasm

Cocci
bacilli
spirilla

What are the three shapes of prokaryotes?

Cocci

What is "A"?

Bacilli

What is "B"?

Spirilla

What is "C"?

gram-positive

bacteria that have cell walls consisting of a thick peptidoglycan layer

-blue
-purple

what color(s) is/are gram-positive

-pink
-red

what color(s) is/are gram-negative

Gram-negative

bacteria that have cell walls consisting of a thin peptidoglycan layer, surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides

gram-negative

is this gram-positive or gram-negative

gram-positive

is this gram-positive or gram-negative

-glycocalyx
-capusle

Bacterial cells walls may be coated with an external layer of polysaccharides (______________) that may be loosely associated (slime layer) or firmly attached (_____________)

Capsule

what is surrounding the cell?

flagellum

A bacterial ____________ consists of a helical fiber of protein that rotates in a socket in the cell wall and plasma membrane

-hydrogen
-sodium ions

the flagella Rotation is powered by a gradient of __________ or ____________

flagella

what is represented by this picture?

pili

Some bacteria and archaeans have rigid, hairlike shafts of protein (_________) extending from their cell walls

gram-negative

among bacteria. pili are characteristics primarily of gram-positive or gram-negative

sex pili

what types of pili allow bacterial cells to adhere to other cells, or transfer genetic material

Autotrophs

obtain carbon from CO2 (inorganic)
make their own food

Heterotrophs

obtain carbon from organic molecules
eat those who make their own food

chemotrophs

obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic or organic substances
use food source for energy

phototrophs

obtain energy from sun light

Chemoautotrophs

Obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances such as hydrogen, iron, sulfur, ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates
Use CO2 as their carbon source
Include many bacteria and most archaeans

chemoheterotrophs

Obtain energy by oxidizing organic molecules
Obtain carbon in organic form
Include most pathogenic and decomposing bacteria

Photautotrophs

Obtain energy from light (photosynthesis)
Use CO2 as their carbon source
Include cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, and purple sulfur bacteria

photoheterotrophs

Obtain energy from light
Obtain carbon in organic form
Include green and purple nonsulfur bacteria

Aerobes

_____________ require oxygen for cellular respiration

obligate aerobes

_______________ cannot live without oxygen

Anaerobes

__________________ do not require oxygen to live

obligate anaerobes

________________________ are poisoned by oxygen - they survive either by fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Facultative anearobes

__________________ use O2 when it is present, but can live by fermentation under anaerobic conditions