ADP
adenosine diphosphate; molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups
The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy
aerobic respiration
Respiration that requires oxygen
cellular respiration that uses oxygen, sequentially releasing energy and storing it in ATP
alcohol fermentation
When pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps.
The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl
anaerobic respiration
Respiration that does not require oxygen
Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid.
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy
autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances
calorie
unit of energy
a unit of the energy supplied by food
Calvin Cycle
a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP
Carbon fixation process in photosynthesis. Forms sugar and other organic compounds.
cellular respiration
the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules
chemoautotroph
producer that uses energy from chemical compounds to make food by chemosynthesis
prokaryote that obtains energy directly from inorganic molecules using chemical reactions
chlorophyll
A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria
Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
Citrate
A compound that is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
C6H5O7
coenzyme
If the cofactor is an organic molecule.
organic cofactor
a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes
An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function in important metabolic reactions
Dark reaction
The energy from the sunlight is used to make glucose
Biochemical incorporation of CO2 into simple sugars
CO2 is fixed to build five and six Carbon sugars
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, providing energy to power ATP synthase. Photosynthetic electron transport cha
fermentation
process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
the process by which cells break down molecules to release energy without using oxygen
glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
breakdown of glucose
grana
stacks of thylakoids
a stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast
heterotrophy
organisms that cannot make their own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients
get food for energy by eating other organisms
Kreb's cycle
second stage of cellular respiration
breaks down pyruvate into CO2 and charges activated carrier molecules
produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration
Lactic acid fermentation
the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product
The process by which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
light reaction
the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP
Reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Enclosed by two membranes with the inner membrane folded; contains its own DNA
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.
Oxidation reduction reactions
may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons
Reactions in which one or more electrons are transferred
A reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between reactants
photoautotrophs
Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.
organisms that use the sun to generate their own food.
an organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2 by photosynthesis
photon
A particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy
a tiny particle or packet of light energy
photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
photosynthetic membrane
Chlorophyll-containing membrane in chloroplasts that serves as the site of light reactions.
pigment
A chemical that produces color
light-absorbing molecule
A colored chemical compound that absorbs light, producing color.
pyruvic acid
a colorless acid formed as an important intermediate in metabolism or fermentation
stroma
In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast.
Fluid inside the chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle happens.