Biology I: Chapter 8 - Cellular Energy COMPLETED

the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe

what is the definition of law of thermodynamics?

1. energy can be converted from 1 form to another, but cannot be created nor destroyed / 2. energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy

what are the 2 laws of thermodynamics?

autotrophs and heterotrophs

What are the 2 types of feeders?

they make their own food

what is an autotroph?

cannot make their own food; must eat others to get energy

what is a heterotroph?

all chemical reactions in a cell

what is metabolism?

photosynthesis

what is the type of metabolism in a plant?

cellular respiration

what is the type of metabolism in an animal?

light-dependent and light-independent reactions

What are the 2 phases of photosynthesis?

thylakoids

where do light-dependent/light reactions happen?

light reactions needs sunlight to make food and dark reactions don't

what is the difference between light and dark reactions?

chlorophyll

what absorbs the sunlight in the chloroplast?

stroma

where do dark reactions happen?

glycolysis and aerobic respiration

what are the 2 main parts to cellular respiration?

breaking down glucose in cytoplasm

what is glycolysis?

sugarcane and corn

what are examples of C4 plants?

pineapple and cactus

what are examples of CAM plants?

lactic acid

What does the femernation produce in anareobic respiration?

mainly mitochondria

where does cellular respiration occur?

cytoplasm

where does glycolysis occur?

mitochondria

where does the Krebs cycle occur?

24 ATP

what is the final product of electron transport chain?

2 pyruvates

what is made when 1 glucose is broken down?

ATP

energy currency of the cell

thermodynamics

study of the flow and transformation of energy in living organisms

metabolism

chemical reactions that convert energy within a cell

Autotrophs can get energy from the Sun ; heterotrophs get energy from chemical energy stored in food

How do autotrophs and heterotrophs differ in the way in which they obtain energy?

from cellular respiration; when phosphate group is popped off of ATP

Describe how energy is released from ATP.

Catabolic - release energy; break down larger molecules into smaller molecules; Anabolic - use released energy to build larger molecules from smaller molecules

Relate anabolic and catabolic reactions.

thylakoids

what is the location of light reactions

granum

stack of thylakoids

chlorophyll

colored molecule that absorbs light

photosynthesis

process in which energy is stored in organic molecules

provides energy for the conversion of ADP to ATP.

Q: Why is hydrogen ion generation essential for ATP production during photosynthesis?

provide ATP and NADPH (energy) used to make glucose.

Explain why the Calvin Cycle depends on light reactions.

splitting of the H2O releases the oxygen molecules; releases protons needed to produce ATP.

Explain the following statement: The oxygen generated by photosynthesis is simply a by-product formed during the production of ATP and carbohydrates.

C4 and CAM plants

What are two alternate photosynthesis pathways found in plants

maintain photosynthesis while minimizing water loss; fix carbon dioxide into 4-carbon compounds instead of 3-carbon compounds

What do C4 plants do?

maximize photosynthesis activity; allowing CO2 to enter the leaves only at night and releasing CO2 during theday

What do CAM plants do?

Krebs cycle

where pyruvates are broken down into carbon dioxide in the mitochondria

anaerobic process

metabolic process that requires no oxygen

fermentation

process in which NAD+ is regenerated so that cells can maintain glycolysis without oxygen.

aerobic process

metabolic process that requires oxygen

glycolysis

breaks down glucose, into pyruvates, in the cytoplasm

produces electrons used in ETC

Discuss the roles of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration.

NADH and FADH2; pass high-energy electrons and hydrogen ions to the ETC; oxygen - final electron acceptor

In cellular respiration, where do the electrons in the electron transport chain originate? What is the final destination of the electrons?

using up energy and oxygen faster than it was produced/taken in - cells went to anaerobic respiration; lactic acid produced

Why do your muscles hurt for some time after a large amount of strenuous exercise?