Photosynthesis is what type of reaction?
Anabolic
Cellular Respiration is what type of reaction?
Catabolic
Where does the energy come from?
the sun
what are the products of photosynthesis?
oxygen and glucose
what are the products of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide and water
the cycle of energy
each reaction produces what the other reaction requires
autotrophs
self-energy; make their own nutrients(producers)(photosynthetic and chemosynthetic)
heterotrophs
different-energy; can't make their own food, get energy from food that they eat(consumers)
photosynthetic
use energy of light to make glucose
chemosynthetic
use inorganic compounds to make glucose
overview of photosynthesis
in sunlight plants change carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen
carbon dioxide+water--> glucose+oxygen
What are the four requirements for photosynthesis?
Sunlight, Chloroplast, Pigments, Energy-storing compounds
sunlight
radiant energy of light excites electrons of chlorophyll to begin photosynthesis, plants can finish in the dark but not start
stoma
a singular pore in a leave
stomata
many pores in leaves
stroma
fluid filled space in chloroplast, space and material around grana
chloroplast
stroma, thylakoid, and grana
grana
stacks of flattened discs, more than one
thylakoid
individual membranous discs
pigments
colored substances that absorb light
chlorophylls
green pigments
energy-storing compounds
ATP and NADP+, temporarily store energy until glucose is formed
What are the 2 ways that energy is stored?
Electron Carriers and Use of ATP
Electron Carrier
electrons are passed to an electron carrier NADP+, NADP+ is converted to NADPH(reduction), later NADPH will transfer this energy to glucose recycling NADP+(oxidation)
What does ATP stand for?
ATP is Adenosine TriPhosphate
Adenosine
1 nitrogenous base(adenine)+ 5 carbon sugar(ribose)
Triphosphate
3 phosphate groups, green plants make ATP during photosynthesis, all life uses ATP to power cell functions
Phospate groups are added to
store energy(anabolic) AMP-->ADP-->ATP-->
Phospate groups are removed to
release energy(catabolic) ATP-->ADP-->AMP
LEO goes GER
loses electrons is oxidation
gains electrons is reduction
reduction
-e- gained anabolic
oxidation
e- lost catabolic
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Light Dependent Reactions and Light Independent Reactions
Light Dependent Reactions
require light, light energy changed to chemical energy and temporarily stored in ATP and NADPH
Where do the light dependent reactions take place?
They occur in the photosystem: clusters of pigment molecules in thylakoid
What is ATP formed by?
ATP forms by chemiosmosis. Water is split, oxygen is a by-product
Light independent reactions
AKA the Calvin Cycle, does not require energy, glucose formed using carbon dioxide and energy stored in ATP and NADPH, occurs in stroma, carbon-fixation occurs: inorganic carbon dioxide "fixed" and becomes organic
What else is a light independent reaction called?
The Calvin Cycle
carbon fixation
occurs in inorganic carbon dioxide is fixed and becomes organic. 1G3P every Calvin Cycle
What is produced every 2 Calvin Cycles?
One glucose
Alternative pathways
plants in hot, dry climates close stomata to prevent water loss, as a result oxygen increase and carbon dioxide decreases this inhibits carbon fixation, alternate pathways allow carbon fixation to still occur
What are the two types of alternative pathways?
C4 pathways and CAM pathways
C4 pathway
plants form 4-C molecules instead of typical 3-C molecule(saves time/energy) ex. corn
CAM pathway
stroma open at night, closed during heat of day; desert plants; can't be open during the day; can do one cycle per day; don't grow very much in comparison to other plants ex. cactus
cellular respiration overview
glucose is broken down; its energy is release, ATP is produced and powers ALL cell functions, occurs in autotrophs and heterotrophs(ALL LIFE), can be aerobic(requires O2) can be anaerobic(doesn't require O2)
plants
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
animals
cellular respiration
What are the two stages of cellular respiration?
glycolysis and aerobic respiration
glycolysis
anaerobic(no O2 needed), occurs in cytoplasm of cells, glucose--> 2 pyruvic acid(3-C compound), NADH(e- carrier) and ATP produced. enzymes catalyze reactions, oxygen is present just not used/needed
What goes into glycolysis?
glucose and 2 ATP
what comes of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvic acids
what happens after glycolysis when enough O2 is present?
pyruvic acid enters aerobic respiration
What happens after glycolysis when there isn't enough O2 present?
pyruvic acid enters anaerobic fermentation
What is required in aerobic respiration?
O2
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
Prokaryotes: cytoplasm
Eukaryotes: mitochondria
aerobic reaction
pyruvic acid--> ATP(a lot), energy stored in NADH used, produces-20x more ATP than glycolysis(40)
What are the two steps of aerobic respiration?
Krebs cycle and electron transport
Who was the Krebs cycle discovered by?
Hans Krebs
Kreb Cycle
occurs in mitochondrial matrix, it's goal is to temporarily store energy(attach e- to carriers), CO2 produced (by-product)
NAD+-->NADH
FAD+-->FADH2
electron transport
e- from NADH and FADH2: passed along electron transport chain, occurs along mitochondrial cristae, at end of chain:4e-+4H++O2-->2H2O, build up of H+, powers formation of ATP(chemiosmosis)
total energy from glucose
Glycolysis:2 ATP
Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP
ETC: 34 ATP
Total: 38 ATP from cellular respiration
only 39% of the energy in glucose
fermentation
follows glycolysis if no O2: anaerobic, occurs in cytoplasm, recycles NAD+ from NADH-keeps glycolysis going, does not form ATP but each time glycolysis occurs 2 ATP formed
What are the two types of fermentation?
lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
pyruvic acid--> lactic acid, NADH-->NAD+, keeps glycolysis going (2 ATP), makes cultured dairy products: sour cream, yogurt, buttermilk, and cheese, occurs in muscles too
Lactic acid and exercise
occurs in muscles during heavy exercise, O2 used up faster than it gets to cells, lactic acid builds up in muscles-burns, muscles fatigue:cramp, when exercise stops: O2 up, lactic acid removed by liver
alcoholic fermentation
occurs in yeast(fungus), important for making beer, wine, and bread, pyruvic acid--> CO2 and alcohol, CO2 forms bubbles in champagne, CO2 allows bread to rise, in bread alcohol evaporates during baking