Know the difference between how to the nervous system and the endocrine system communicate with the body.
Nervous system: Both electrical and chemical. Targets and is specific to one organ.
Endocrine system: Only chemical. General, widespread effects; multiple organs
Know how the nervous system reacts as compared to the endocrine system.
Nervous system: Reacts quickly (1-10 msec) and stops quickly.
Endocrine system: reacts slowly (hormone release in seconds or days), effect may continue for weeks.
Know which glands are both exocrine and endocrine in nature.
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Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (anterior pituitary):
Growth hormone (GH)
Target: bones, muscles, and other tissues
Action: stimulates cell growth and division
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (anterior pituitary):
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Target: adrenal cortex
Action: stimulates release of adrenal cortex hormones
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (anterior pituitary):
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Target: thyroid gland
Action: stimulates release of thyroid hormones
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (anterior pituitary):
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Target: gonads
Action: stimulates development of ova and sperm
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (anterior pituitary):
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Target: gonads
Action: stimulates secretion of sex hormones
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (anterior pituitary):
Prolactin (PRL)
Target: mammary glands
Action: stimulates milk production
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (posterior pituitary):
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Target: renal tubules
Action: stimulates water reabsorption
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (posterior pituitary):
Oxytocin (OT)
Target: uterus and mammary glands
Action: stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery and release of milk
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (thyroid gland):
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothryronine (T3)
Secreted by: follicular cells
Target: essentially every cell in the body
Action: T3 and T4 work together to regulate oxygen utilization and rate of metabolism of the cells
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (thyroid gland):
Calcitonin (CT)
Secreted by: parafollicular cells
Target: bone and kidneys
Action: reduces blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into bone and excreted by the kidneys
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (Adrenal cortex):
Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone
Target: kidneys
Action: increases renal reabsorption of sodium and water
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (Adrenal cortex):
Glucocorticoids such as cortisol
Target: most cells
Action: increase blood glucose levels
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (Adrenal cortex):
Androgens
Target: amount in adult is so small it has little effect
Action: precursor of male and female sex hormones
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (Adrenal medulla):
Epinephrine (EP)
Target: most cells
Action: increases cardiac activity, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (Adrenal medulla):
Norepinephrine (NEP)
Target: most cells
Action: increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (Pancreas):
Insulin
Target: essentially every cell in the body
Action: lowers blood glucose level by stimulating the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream by the cells of the body
Know what makes a cell a target of a particular hormone (Pancreas):
Glucagon
Target: liver
Action: raises blood glucose level by stimulating liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into bloodstream
Know the picture of the organs of the endocrine system.
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Know what happens to the thymus and pineal gland after childhood.
Thymus: Involution after puberty
Pineal gland: peak secretion during ages 1-5, by puberty 75% lower. Produces serotonin by day melatonin by night
Know how hormones are normally secreted.
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Know which hormone has a calorignic effect.
Thyroid hormones
Know which hormones need cholesterol or their synthesis.
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Know what the infundibulum is.
A narrow stalk of tissue connecting the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
Know what the hypophseal portal system connects.
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Know the results of the absence of iodine in the diet.
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Know what organ ADH targets.
renal tubules
Know the cause of diabetes insipidus.
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Know what is secreted by the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin (OT)
Know the symptoms of diabetes mellitus.
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Know what paracrines are.
Chemical messengers that diffuse short distances and stimulate nearby cells
Know what eicosanoids are and what they are derived from.
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Know how cortisol affects fat and protein.
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Know what structures secretes cortisol.
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Know if insulin is a hormone.
Yes, it is.
Targets essentially every cell of the body and lowers blood glucose level by stimulating the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream by the cells of the body.
Know what hormone is responsible for Na+ and water retention and what endocrine organ synthesizes it.
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Know what would happen if the kidneys over produces EPO.
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Know the functions of melatonin.
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Know the functions of the thymus.
Involution after puberty. Secretes hormones that regulate development and later activation of T-lymphocytes.
Know responses to stress.
Stress causes medullary cells to stimulate cortex
Know what causes acromegaly.
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Know which gland secretes hormone in response to hypocalcemia/ hypercalcemia.
Parathyroid ?
Understand and explain synergistic, permissive and antagonistic effects as it relates to hormones and give an example of each.
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Know what formed element is most responsible for blood viscosity.
Platelets
Know the main electrolyte that is responsible for the viscosity of blood.
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Know the difference between serum and plasma.
Serum remains after plasma clots. Plasma is the liquid portion of blood.
Know the most abundant protein in plasma.
Albumins
Know the causes of polycythemia.
An excess of RBs.
Primary polycythemia: cancer of erythropoietic cell line in red bone marrow
Secondary polycythemia: from dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning.
Polycythemia can lead to embolism, stroke or heart failure.
Know where RBCs die.
Last on avg 120 days and die in SPLEEN.
Know what is contained in the buffy coat.
Leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets
Know what type of receptors detect blood pressure changed in arteries
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Know how most oxygen is transported in the blood.
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Know the most abundant agranulocyte.
Lymphocytes (30%)
Know which blood cell increase in bacterial infections.
Neutrophils
Know which blood cell secretes heparin and histamine.
Basophils
Know the major functions of erythrocytes.
1. Transport oxygen from lungs to cells of the body
2. Transport carbon dioxide from cells of body to lungs
3. Iron is a key nutritional requirement
Know what determines a patients ABO blood group.
Your ABO blood type is determined by presence or absemce of antigens (agglutinogens) on RBCs.
- type B person has A antigens
- type B person has B antigens
-type AB has both antigens
-type O has neither antigens
* most common: type O
* rarest: type AB
Know which blood type (including Rh factors) is the universal donor.
Type O
Understand the reaction of one persons blood with another and the incompatibility issues that can arise.
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Know where circulating WBCs spend most of their time.
Red bone marrow ???
Know which types of blood can receive which types of donor blood.
Type A+: A+, A-, O+, O-
Type A-: A-, O-
Type B+: B+, B-, O+, O-
Type B-: B-, O-
Type AB+: all blood types
Type AB-: AB-, A-, B-, O-
Type O+: O+, O-
Type O-: O-
Know the causes of sickle cell disease.
A genetic mutation in the hemoglobin gene that is inherited.
Know the cause of pernicious anemia.
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Know what substance is released by platelets and what the results can be.
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Know which vessels of the heart carry oxygen poor blood.
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Know the superficial layer that encloses the heart.
Parietal pericardium or pericardial sac
Know where to find pericardial fluid.
Pericardial cavity.
Know which layer performs the work of the heart.
Myocardium
Know where the tricuspid valve is located and what it controls.
It channels blood from the atrium to the ventricle. It is called the tricuspid valve because because of the presence of three flaps, or cusps. It is located below the right atrium.
Know what causes opening and closing of the heart valves.
AV valves contract an relax. Ventricles relax when the pressure drops, semilunar valves close, AV valves open, and blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. Ventricles contract wen AV valves close, pressure rises, semilunar valves open, and blood flow
Know the internal anatomy of the heart.
insert picture
Know the blood vessels on the external aspect of the heart.
page 40
Know the function of the SA node.
Pacemaker, initiates heartbeat, sets heart rate
Know the parts of the cardiac conduction system.
2 properties:
-myogenic: heartbeat originates within heart
-autorhythmic: regular, spontaneous depolarization
Know the pathway of electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiocyte.
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Know the definition of arrhythmia.
Abnormal cardiac rhythm
Know what happens to the heart if the SA node is damaged.
There will be no stable resting membrane potential.
Know what structure supplies most of the Ca++ for myocardial contraction.
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In the ECG, know where atrial systole begins.
P wave
Be familiar with the ECG and understand what the absence of various waves or abnormal wave forms mean.
Extrasystole: not inverted QRS complex, misshapen QRS and T and absence of a P wave preceding this contraction.
Know the mechanics of heart valve openings and closings.
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Know where blood leaks in mitral valve stenosis.
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Know what happens during isovolumetric contraction.
Atria repolarize and relax
Ventricles depolarize
QRS complex appears in ECG
Ventricles contract
Rising pressure closes AV valves- heart sound S1 occurs
No ejection of blood yet (no charge in volume)
Know the correct filling sequence in the cardiac cycle.
1. Isovolumetric Contraction of Ventricles
2. Ventricular Ejection
3. Ventricles- Isovolumetric Relaxation
4. Ventricular Filling (3 phases)
Know what is caused by congestive heart failure.
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Know the definition of cardiac output.
Heart rate x stroke volume
Understand the Frank-Sterling law of the heart.
Ventricles eject as much blood as they receive. The more they are stretched, the harder they contract.
Know where most of the blood in the body is located.
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Know the cause of varicose veins.
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Know the factors that can cause velocity of blood flow to decrease.
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Know the result of the medullary ischemic reflex.
Angina pectoris: partial obstruction of coronary blood flow can cause chest pain.
Know what factor has the most important effect on blood velocity.
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Understand reactive hyperemia.
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Know which hormones increase blood pressure.
Aldosterone
Know where the vasomotor center is located and what it controls.
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Know the blood pressure valves that denotes chronic hypertension.
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Know which hormones are powerful vascontrictors and which one increases the heart rate.
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Understand the forces/mechanisms that determine transport/movement of substances through capillary walls.
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Know which conditions can lead to edema.
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