Endocrine pathologies can occur through excess secretion, inadequate secretion, and which other mechanism?
abnormal target cell response
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?
epinephrine
Yes, epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act lik
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?
decreased insulin secretion
Yes, insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels. Therefore, insulin secretion would be decreased, in turn increasing plasma glucose.
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?
heart palpitations
Yes, due to the increase in epinephrine, heart rate would be increased and you would feel like your heart was pounding or racing.
Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face.
Cushing's disease
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
ADH (vasopressin)
Yes, ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron and its secondary function is to act as a vasoconstrictor.
How is iodide brought into follicular cells from the bloodstream in the thyroid gland?
sodium/iodide symporter
How is the hypothalamic control of growth hormone (GH) release different from the control of TSH and ACTH?
The hypothalamus releases both stimulatory and inhibitory tropic hormones for GH, whereas it only releases stimulatory hormones for TSH and ACTH.
How does growth hormone most contribute to the final length of long bones?
It stimulates cartilage growth in the epiphyseal plate, delaying closure of the plate.
How does growth hormone most contribute to the final length of long bones?
It stimulates bone growth in the epiphyseal plate, delaying closure of the plate.
What is the most important hormone causing an increase in serum Ca2+?
PTH
Which precursor molecule can be converted to either testosterone or aldosterone?
progesterone
The common precursor for all steroid hormones is ________.
cholesterol
What is the strongest negative feedback signal inhibiting corticotropin-releasing hormone release?
cortisol
C cells of the thyroid gland secrete ________.
calcitonin
Which is associated with hyperthyroidism?
irritability and weight loss
Which protein is produced in the follicular cells to initiate thyroid hormone production?
thyroglobulin
What is the effect of deiodinases on thyroid hormone function?
They convert T4 to the more active T3 in target cells.
Which of the following is a sign or symptom of hyperthyroidism?
exophthalmos
Acromegaly is associated with ________.
excess growth hormone
Which organ secretes insulin-like growth factors as a result of growth hormone?
liver
Which is NOT a hormone directly required for growth of soft tissue?
growth hormone
glucagon
insulin
thyroid hormone
glucagon
Adults do not increase in height. This suggests that adult bones ________ .
lack open cartilaginous epiphyseal plates
Vitamin D is a precursor in the synthesis pathway of ________.
calcitriol
Which hormone is permissive for growth and important for normal neural development?
thyroid hormone
The endocrine gland that is a modified sympathetic ganglion is the
adrenal medulla.
Crossover effects are sometimes seen among
steroid hormones.
The precursor chemical for ACTH synthesis is
POMC.
The adrenal medulla produces
catecholamines.
Which of the following could describe the function of 11 Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase?
It converts cortisol to a form with a lower specificity for mineralocorticoid receptors there.
An enzyme located in renal tubules that acts on cortisol .
It aids i
All of these answers are correct.
Without cortisol's permissive effect on ________, an animal would die.
glucagon
Melanocortins includes one or more of the following:
ACTH and MSH
Thyroid hormone contains the mineral
iodine.
Pendrin is an anion transporter important in the production of
thyroid hormone.
Iodine accumulation in thyroid cells involves symport with
sodium.
Thyroid hormones
are lipophilic and must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells.
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
TSH.
GH
is secreted by the anterior pituitary and binds to a plasma protein.
Somatostatin is another name for
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone.
Excess growth hormone prior to puberty would result in
giantism.
Mature, less active bone cells are termed
osteocytes.
Parathyroid hormone
increases the rate of calcium absorption.
raises the level of calcium ion in the blood.
stimulates osteoclast activity.
decreases the rate of calcium excretion.
All of these answers are correct.
Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone
calcitonin.
Calcium reabsorption at the kidneys is promoted by the hormone
calcitriol.
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
calcitonin.
Match the disease with the description.
A. Addison's disease
B. Cushing's disease
C. Graves' disease
D. Paget's disease
hypercortisolism
Cushing's disease
Match the disease with the description.
A. Addison's disease
B. Cushing's disease
C. Graves' disease
D. Paget's disease
hyperthyroidism
Graves' disease
Match the disease with the description.
A. Addison's disease
B. Cushing's disease
C. Graves' disease
D. Paget's disease
Some symptoms mimic diabetes mellitus.
Cushing's disease
Match the disease with the description.
A. Addison's disease
B. Cushing's disease
C. Graves' disease
D. Paget's disease
associated with overactive osteoclasts
Paget's disease
Match the disease with the description.
A. Addison's disease
B. Cushing's disease
C. Graves' disease
D. Paget's disease
Calcitonin may be an appropriate treatment.
Paget's disease
Match the disease with the description.
A. Addison's disease
B. Cushing's disease
C. Graves' disease
D. Paget's disease
may result from adrenal tumor
Cushing's disease
Match the condition with the description.
A. acromegaly
B. adrenogenital syndrome
C. cretinism
D. dwarfism
E. exophthalmus
mental retardation associated with infantile hypothyroidism
cretinism
Match the condition with the description.
A. acromegaly
B. adrenogenital syndrome
C. cretinism
D. dwarfism
E. exophthalmus
This condition results from excess androgens in females.
adrenogenital syndrome
Match the condition with its description.
A. giantism
B. kyphosis
C. moon face
D. myxedema
E. goiter
easily observable symptom of hypercortisolism
moon face
Match the condition with its description.
A. giantism
B. kyphosis
C. moon face
D. myxedema
E. goiter
caused by elevation of TSH
goiter
The most important metabolic effect of ________ is protection against ________, crucial to surviving significant stress.
cortisol, hypoglycemia
Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid
tyrosine.
ACTH is synthesized from a large glycoprotein called ________, which also produces ________ in the pituitary.
pro-opiomelanocortin, beta endorphin
Which of the following correctly pairs the two distinct endocrine cell types that comprise the thyroid gland with their respective secretion?
C cells secrete calcitonin; follicle cells secrete thyroid hormones.
In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of
hydroxyapatite.
A rise in cortisol would cause each of the following except one. Identify the exception.
increased ACTH levels
Increased blood calcium levels result in increased
secretion of calcitonin.