Influences of Organizational Behavior
Psychology, Sociology, Engineering, Anthropology, Medicine, Management.
4 elements of open systems view of the organization
Task, People, Structure, Technology
Task (4 elements of open systems view of the organization)
an organization's mission, purpose, or goal for existing
People (4 elements of open systems view of the organization)
the human resources of the organization
Structure (4 elements of open systems view of the organization)
the manner in which an organization's work is designed at the micro level; how departments, divisions, and the overall organization are designed at the macro level
Technology (4 elements of open systems view of the organization)
the tools, knowledge, and/or techniques used to transform inputs into outputs
Formal Organization
the official, legitimate, and most visible part of the system
-Goals and objectives
-Policies and procedures
-Job descriptions
-Financial resources
-Authority structure
-Communication channels
-Products and services
Informal Organization
the unofficial and less visible part of the system
Beliefs and assumptions
-Perceptions and attitudes
-Values
-Feelings, such as fear, joy
anger, trust, and hope
-Group norms
-Informal leaders
Hawthorne Studies:
studies conducted during the 1920's and 1930's that suggested the importance of the informal organization
Global Competition in Business
Four challenges to managers relating to change in organizations:
-Globalization
-Technological Innovation
-Workplace Diversity
-Ethics and Character
HOFSTEDE'S DIMENSIONS
Individualism<-->Collectivism
High power distance<-->Low power distance
High uncertainty avoidance<-->Low uncertainty avoidance
Masculinity<-->Femininity
Long-term orientation<-->Short-term orientation
Diversity
All forms of individual differences, including culture, gender, age, ability, personality, religious affiliation, economic class, social status, military attachment, and sexual orientation
Consequential
an ethical theory that emphasizes the consequences or
results of behavior
Rule Based theories of ethics
an ethical theory that emphasizes the character of the act itself rather than its effects
Gender Harassment
crude comments; behaviors that convey hostility toward a particular gender
Unwanted Sexual Attention -
unwanted touching, unwanted pressure for dates
Sexual Coercion
demands for sexual favors through job-related threats or promises
Whistleblowing
an employee who informs authorities of the wrongdoing of his or her company or coworkers
-Public Hero
-"Vile Wretch
Social Responsibility
the obligation of an organization to behave ethically
Definition of personality
A relatively stable set of characteristics that influences an individual's behavior
Person influences on individual behavior
The person
-Skills and abilities
-Personality
-Perceptions
-Attitudes
-Values
-Ethics
environment influences on individual behavior
The environment
-Organization
-Work group
-Job
-Personal life
What is trait theory?
understand individuals by breaking down behavior patterns into observable traits
What are the Big 5?
Extraversion----->Gregarious, assertive, sociable
Agreeableness---->Cooperative, warm, agreeable
Conscientiousness----> Hardworking, organized, dependable
Emotional stability---->Calm, self-confident, cool
Openness to experience----->Creative, curious, cultured
Locus of control
Internal: I control what
happens to me!
External: People and circumstances control my fate!
Self efficacy
Beliefs and expectations about one's ability to accomplish a specific task effectively
self esteem
Feelings of Self Worth
(Success tends to increase self-esteem)
Self monitoring
Behavior based on cues:
High self monitors
flexible: adjust behavior according to the situation and the behavior of others; can appear unpredictable and inconsistent
How is the MBTI used to help organizations and managers?
Identify learning and teaching styles
Decide on careers (Example: many managers are ESTJs)
Determine decision-making style
Determine management style
Build teams
4 categories of MBTI
Extraversion; Introvertion
Sensing; Intuiting
Thinking; Feeling
Judging; Perceiving
Social perception - what 3 things influence it?
Perceiver Characteristics
Target Characteristics
Situational Characteristics
Common social perception barriers
Selective perception
Stereotyping
First-impression error
Projection
Self-fulfilling prophecies
attributional biases
explains how individuals pinpoint the causes of their own behavior or that of others
(ABC) Affect
Physiological indicators I don't like my
Verbal statements boss.
about feelings
(ABC)behavioral intentions
Observed behavior I want to
Verbal statements transfer to
about intentions another dept.
(ABC)Cognition
Attitude scales I believe my
Verbal statements boss plays
about beliefs favorites.
Cognitive dissonance and how people deal with it
a state of tension that is produced when an individual experiences conflict between attitudes and behavior
Jobs satisfaction and its effects
a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experience
Dissatisfied workers
Skip work
Quit
Report more psychological and medical problems
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB's) - why do they happen and how do they help organizations?
Job Satisfaction leads to Organizational Citizenship Behaviors:
reflection of organizational commitment
What is emotional intelligence?
is the capability of individuals to recognize their own, and other people's emotions
Emotion vs Mood
Emotions vary; triggered by stimulus
Mood is either good or bad
Ethical Behavior - relate to moral development, values, and individual /organizational influences
Acting in ways consistent with one's personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society
moral development
the process of moving through stages of maturity in terms of making ethical decisions
values
Enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence.
individual /organizational influences
Individual Influences
Value systems
Locus of control
Machiavellianism
Cognitive moral development
Organizational influences
Organizational Influences
Codes of conduct
Norms
Modeling
Rewards and punishments
Internal Motivators
Internal
Suggest that variables within the individual give rise to motivation and behavior
External Motivaros
External
Focus on environmental elements to explain behavior
Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy
1. Self Actualization
2. Esteem
2. Love (social)
4. Safety and Security
5. Physiological
Theory X motivators
Theory X
A set of assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by lower order needs
Theory Y motivators
Theory Y
A set of assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher order needs
ERG in relation to Maslow's Heirarchy
1. Sel Actualization and 2. Esteem (Growth
3. Love (Relatedness)
4.safety and security and 5. Physiological (Existence)
Need for Achievement
a manifest (easily perceived) need that concerns individuals' issues of excellence, competition, challenging goals, persistence, and overcoming difficulties
Need for Power
a manifest (easily perceived) need that concerns an individual's need to make an impact on others, influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life
Need for Affiliation
a manifest (easily perceived) need that concerns an individual's need to establish and maintain warm, close, intimate relationships with other people
Hygiene Factor
maintenance factor
contributes to employee's feeling not dissatisfied
contributes to absence of complaints
Motivation Factor
job enrichment
leads to superior performance & effort
Equity theory and how to resolve inequity. Also names for new perspectives
Equity theory focuses on individual-environment interaction
to solve inequity
Alter the person's outcomes
Alter the person's inputs
Alter the comparison other's outputs
Alter the comparison other's inputs
Change who is used as a comparison other
Rationalize the inequity
Leave the organizational situation
Equity Sensitive
I prefer an equity ratio equal to that of my comparison other
Benevolent
I am comfortable with an equity ratio less than that of my comparison other
Entitled
I am comfortable with an equity ratio greater than that of my comparison other
Steps involved in expectancy theory
1. Effort
2. Performance
3. Reward