AP Lang - Unit 4 Vocab

atrophy (n) (v)

(n) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure
(v) to waste away
s: degeneration, deterioration, wither
a: growth, mature

bastion (n)

a fortified place, stronghold
s: citadel, rampart, parapet

concord (n)

a state of agreement, harmony, unanimity; a treaty, pact, covenant
a: disagreement, strife, discord

consummate (adj) (v)

(adj) complete or perfect in the highest degree
(v) to bring to a state of completion or perfection
s: masterful, clinch, conclude
a: launch, initiate, begin, kick-off

disarray (n) (v)

(n) disorder, confusion
(v) to throw into disorder
s: disorganization, dishevel, mess up
a: organization, order, tidiness

exigency (n)

urgency, pressure; urgent demand, pressing need; an emergency
s: requirement, crisis

flotsam (n)

floating debris; homeless; impoverished people
s: floating wreckage

frenetic (adj)

frenzied, highly agitated
s: frantic, overwrought
a: calm, controlled, relaxed, leisurely

glean (v)

to gather bit by bit; to gather small quantities of grain left in a field by reapers
s: cull, pick up

grouse (n) (v)

(n) a type of game bird; a complaint
(v) to complain, grumble
s: kvetch, bellyache

incarcerate (v)

to imprison, confine, jail
s: intern
a: liberate, free

incumbent (adj) (n)

(adj) obligatory, required
(n) one who holds a specific office at the time spoken of
s: mandatory, necessary
a: optional, unnecessary

jocular (adj)

humorous, jesting, jolly, joking
s: waggish, facetious, droll
a: solemn, grave, earnest, grim

ludicrous (adj)

ridiculous, laughable, absurd
s: risible, preposterous
a: heartrending, poignant, pathetic

mordant (adj)

biting or caustic in thought, manner, or style; sharply or bitterly harsh
s: acrimonious, acidulous, sardonic, scathing
a: bland, mild, gentle, soothing

nettle (n) (v)

(n) a prickly or stinging plant
(v) to arouse displeasure, impatience, or anger; to vex or irritate severely
s: peeve, annoy, incense, gall
a: please, delight, soothe, pacify

pecuniary (adj)

consisting of or measured in money; of or related to money
s: monetary

pusillanimous (adj)

contemptibly cowardly or mean-spirited
s: lily-livered
a: stouthearted, courageous

recumbent (adj)

in a reclining position, lying down, in the posture of one sleeping or resting
s: prone, supine, inactive
a: erect, energetic, dynamic

stratagem (n)

a scheme to outwit or deceive an opponent or to gain an end
s: trick, ploy, subterfuge

atrophy (n) (v)

(n) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure
(v) to waste away
s: degeneration, deterioration, wither
a: growth, mature

bastion (n)

a fortified place, stronghold
s: citadel, rampart, parapet

concord (n)

a state of agreement, harmony, unanimity; a treaty, pact, covenant
a: disagreement, strife, discord

consummate (adj) (v)

(adj) complete or perfect in the highest degree
(v) to bring to a state of completion or perfection
s: masterful, clinch, conclude
a: launch, initiate, begin, kick-off

disarray (n) (v)

(n) disorder, confusion
(v) to throw into disorder
s: disorganization, dishevel, mess up
a: organization, order, tidiness

exigency (n)

urgency, pressure; urgent demand, pressing need; an emergency
s: requirement, crisis

flotsam (n)

floating debris; homeless; impoverished people
s: floating wreckage

frenetic (adj)

frenzied, highly agitated
s: frantic, overwrought
a: calm, controlled, relaxed, leisurely

glean (v)

to gather bit by bit; to gather small quantities of grain left in a field by reapers
s: cull, pick up

grouse (n) (v)

(n) a type of game bird; a complaint
(v) to complain, grumble
s: kvetch, bellyache

incarcerate (v)

to imprison, confine, jail
s: intern
a: liberate, free

incumbent (adj) (n)

(adj) obligatory, required
(n) one who holds a specific office at the time spoken of
s: mandatory, necessary
a: optional, unnecessary

jocular (adj)

humorous, jesting, jolly, joking
s: waggish, facetious, droll
a: solemn, grave, earnest, grim

ludicrous (adj)

ridiculous, laughable, absurd
s: risible, preposterous
a: heartrending, poignant, pathetic

mordant (adj)

biting or caustic in thought, manner, or style; sharply or bitterly harsh
s: acrimonious, acidulous, sardonic, scathing
a: bland, mild, gentle, soothing

nettle (n) (v)

(n) a prickly or stinging plant
(v) to arouse displeasure, impatience, or anger; to vex or irritate severely
s: peeve, annoy, incense, gall
a: please, delight, soothe, pacify

pecuniary (adj)

consisting of or measured in money; of or related to money
s: monetary

pusillanimous (adj)

contemptibly cowardly or mean-spirited
s: lily-livered
a: stouthearted, courageous

recumbent (adj)

in a reclining position, lying down, in the posture of one sleeping or resting
s: prone, supine, inactive
a: erect, energetic, dynamic

stratagem (n)

a scheme to outwit or deceive an opponent or to gain an end
s: trick, ploy, subterfuge