Mathiue Orfila
father of Toxicology
alphonse bertillion
Father of Anthropometry
Anthropometry
Measurement of the human body
locards exchange principal
Every contact leaves a trace
J. Edgar Hoover
Head of the FBI
Sir Alec Jeffreys
developed the first DNA profiling test in 1984
Oldest crime lab
LAPD (1896)
largest crime lab
FBI (1908)
five major u.s. crime labs
fbi
dea
batfe
us postal inspection service
lapd
branches of forensic science
computer science, odontology, toxicology, anthropology, serology, entomology
Forensic Computer Science
Investigate criminal use of technology and electronic records
Forensic Odontology
study of teeth
Forensic Anthropology
the study of human remains applied to a legal context
Forensic Serology
identification of blood and other body fluids (semen, vaginal fluid, saliva)
Forensic Entomology
the study of insects as they pertain to legal issues
Forensic Toxicology
the science of detecting and identifying drugs and poisons a person may have used for medicinal, recreational, or criminal purposes
bill of rights: To be presumed________________Not to be___________unreasonably
Not to be____________ without probable cause
Against unreasonable seizure of _____________
Against self-_____________
To fair ___________by police
To protection from __________
innocent until guilty
Miranda Rights
A list of rights that police in the United States must read to suspects in custody before questioning them (you have the right to remain silent)
types of crimes
Infraction, misdemeanor, felony
infraction
Minor violation of a rule or law
Misdemeanor
minor crime
Felony
A serious crime
In order for scientific evidence to be admitted in a court of law, it must be
...
probative
in evidence law, tending to prove something
material
...
Frye Standard
the evidence in question must be "generally accepted" by the scientific community
daubert ruling
a rule of evidence regarding the admissibility of expert witnesses' testimony during United States federal legal proceedings. (judge ultimately decides I think)
means
had the way of doing it idk even know hot to explain it
motive
reason
opportunity
chance
Statutory Law
legislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something
Common Law
A legal system based on custom and court rulings
civil law
the system of law concerned with private relations between members of a community rather than criminal, military, or religious affairs.
criminal law
A law that defines crimes against the public order.
evidence
proof
Physical Evidence
tangible items that tend to prove some material fact
testimonial evidence
what is said in court by a competent witness
To make certain that the evidence is not contaminated each item must be placed in a ________, _________, and _____________
separate container, sealed, labeled
When working with ___________ clothing the evidence must be air-dried and individually stored in ____________ to prevent mold from forming
blood-soaked clothing, paper bags
During an arson investigation all ___________has to be stored in ______________ so that evaporation of volatile petroleum residues does not occur.
charred clothing or debris, air-tight containers
chain of custody
A list of all people who came into possession of an item of evidence
List the five ways a person can die:
natural
accidental
suicidal
homicidal
undetermined
liver mortis
The pooling of the blood in tissues after death resulting in a reddish color to the skin
what can liver mortis determine
time of death and if body has been moved or not
rigor mortis
stiffness of the body that sets in several hours after death (not permanent)
How long does rigor mortis last?
1-2 days (if in doubt put 24 hrs)
Why does the stiffness occur in the body of a dead person?
chemical changes in their myofibrils.
algor mortis
The cooling of the body after death
why does the body cool down after death?
As body temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus, this homeostatic feature can no longer be maintained after death.
In general, it takes __________for the stomach to empty its contents into the small intestine and another ________ for the food to leave the small intestine.
4-6 hours
12 hours
List six things that should be included in the final sketch of a crime scene
legend
fixed points
doors
windows
any furniture
compass or a key
Name the four search patterns and put a star next to the one that cannot be done by one person:
grid
in/out spiral
parallel zone *
innocence project
The Innocence Project is a 501 nonprofit legal organization that is committed to exonerating wrongly convicted people through the use of DNA testing and to reforming the criminal justice system to prevent future injustice.
float glass
molten glass floats on top of molten tin (soda lime)
tempered glass
heat or chemically treated safety glass
laminated glass
Two sheets of ordinary glass bonded together with a layer of plastic
bullet proof glass
multi-layer laminated glass
The physical properties of ____________and ________________ are used most for characterizing glass particles. These are ______________properties(do not depend on size or amount of glass)
These properties are _______________characteristics which can not pr
density
refractive index
intensive
class
One method of matching glass fragments is by ________________
density comparison
refractive index
ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in any other medium.
Snell's Law
the behavior of light as it travels from one medium into a different medium.
Glass will shatter into many different fragments because its____________
amorphous
Impacted glass is compressed on _____________
It will stretch on the _________________ and the tension there will radiate ___________________
Then fractures form in the shape of ____________on ____________________
the side it is hit.
opposite side of the glass
radiate breaks in the glass outward from the point of impact, like spokes on a wheel
concentric circles
the same side of the impact, after impact.
Radial fracture lines
radiate out from the origin of the impact;they begin on the opposite side of the force.(primary)
Concentric fracture lines
circular lines around the point of impact; they begin on the same side as the force. They form after radial fractures(secondary).
3R rule
radial cracks form a right angle on the reverse side of impact.
Proper Collection of Glass Evidence:
Photograph and identify any glass samples before moving them.
Standard reference glass should be taken from the crime scene
Package in solid containers to prevent breakage
Preserve garment (shoe, pants, shirt) with glass on it
All broken glass must be rec
The outer layer of the hair shaft is the _____Describe it.
cuticle
has scales
The inner layer of the cortex is the ____________
medulla. used to determine human or animal.
The middle layer(between the cuticle and medulla) of the hair shaft is the ________________. Describe it.
cortex. Gives shape and contains pigments( melanin) for color
a human hair can be distinguished from an animal hair by examining what part?
Medulla determine the medullary index
What types of medulla can humans have?
Fragmented, continuous, absent
Describe the phases of hair growth?
Anagen -actively growing, catagen- resting, telagen- dying
What are the 5 types of medullas?
Intermittent, fragmented, continuous, stacked, absent
List 6 synthetic fibers:
Polyester, rayon, acetate, spandex, nylon, acrylic
List 6 natural fibers:
Silk , cotton, wool, cashmere, angora, asbestos, and fiberglass
Can a piece of fiber be individualized to a particular garment? Why or Why not?
No, never. fibers are too common.