stuttering
disorder in the rhythm of speech in which the individual knows precisely what he wishes to say, but at the time is unable to say it because of involuntary repetitions, prolongations, and/or cessations of sound
rhythm
ordered recurrent alteration of strong and weak elements of the flow of sounds and silences in speech
repetition
reiteration or reutterance of something that has already been articulated/said
normal repetitions
multi-syllable words and phrases
abnormal repetitions
sound, syllable, and single syllable word repetitions
sound repetition
s-s-s-s
syllable repetition
mi-mi-microphone
single syllable word repetition
i-i-i-i want to go
determines severity of stuttering
frequency, rate, effort, irregularity
prolongation
airflow is maintained and sound is still produced, but movement of one or more of the articulators has stopped
prolongation example
mmmmy name is mark
frequency, duration, effort
perceived abnormality/severity of prolongation increases with
cessations of sound
abnormal blockage of the release of air during speech production which results from obstruction of airflow out of the lungs, through larynx, past articulating structures, so that no sound is produced; when nothing comes out
frequency, duration, effort
perceived abnormality/severity of cessation increases with
repetitions, prolongations, cessations/blocks
core behaviors of stuttering
developmental stuttering
most frequent type of stuttering
stuttering behavior
word improperly patterned in time and the speaker's reaction thereto - Charles Van Riper
secondary behaviors (overt)
directly observable behaviors that the stutterer emits when they believes they are stuttering, did stutter, or will stutter
feeling and attitudes (covert)
develop as a result of repeatedly experiencing involuntary repetitions, prolongations, and cessations of sound and secondary behaviors
feared situation
stuttering involves an involuntary lack of control which is a
secondary behaviors
desire to get out of feared situations leads to
escape behavior
when you are stuttering and hope to escape the situation or stop
avoidance behavior
seeing a stutter coming so they avoid it
fluency disorder
stuttering is a
fluency
effortlessly produced, rapid, well intoned or inflected, connected verbal output that does not have any unusual disruption in its forward flow
continuity, rate, rhythm, effort
fluency has four basic dimensions
continuity
smoothness of speech and the extent to which the forward flow of speech is not broken up or disrupted
rate
speed at which words are produced
rhythm
cadence, prosody, beat of speech that is partially related to stress and intonation patterns (dance of speech)
effort
amount of physical and mental work needed to produce speech
2
children who are not considered to be stutterers have less than ___ small unit repetitions per 100 words spoken and less than ___ prolongations per 100 words spoken
more likely
children who tend to have more than 2 of these types of stutters per 100 words spoken are ____________ to be considered to be stutterers
repetitions
for the most part, this is the first sign of stuttering noted in most children
idiopathic stuttering
stuttering with no obvious cause
acquired stuttering
something causes it such as parkinson's disease
1%
percentage of all kids in school are stutterers
idiopathic
most common form of stuttering
5
mean age of onset of stuttering
4
median age of onset of stuttering
prevalence of stuttering
percentage who are considered to be stuttering at any particular time
incidence of stuttering
life time risk or percentage of the entire population who has ever been considered to be a stutterer. 5%
recovery
therapy can help speed up _____
deafness
only condition known that is associated with a decreased prevalence of stuttering
can't hear, don't listen to yourself, don't monitor own speech
less likely to stutter if
77
In monozygotic twins, if one twin stutters the probability that the other will also stutter is
36
in dizygotic twins, if one twin stutters the probability that the other same sex twin will stutter is
18
probability of same sex siblings will stutter is
co-explorer
talk and find out what is going on with the client and what situations are hard for them. help them discover things they might not know about their stutter
consistency effect
tendency of stutterers to stutter on the same word when read twice
anticipation effect
ability of stutterers to indicate words they might stutter on in a passage. Chronic
adaptation effect
tendency of stutterers to stutter less and less frequently
stop stuttering immediately
SSI
75%
4 years old
50%
6 years old
25%
10 year old
chorus reading, lipped speech, shadowing
SSI examples that are supposed to make speech easier
drugs, EMG feedback, adaptation effect
few conditions that reduce stuttering by 50% overtime
stuttering
disorder in the rhythm of speech in which the individual knows precisely what he wishes to say, but at the time is unable to say it because of involuntary repetitions, prolongations, and/or cessations of sound
rhythm
ordered recurrent alteration of strong and weak elements of the flow of sounds and silences in speech
repetition
reiteration or reutterance of something that has already been articulated/said
normal repetitions
multi-syllable words and phrases
abnormal repetitions
sound, syllable, and single syllable word repetitions
sound repetition
s-s-s-s
syllable repetition
mi-mi-microphone
single syllable word repetition
i-i-i-i want to go
determines severity of stuttering
frequency, rate, effort, irregularity
prolongation
airflow is maintained and sound is still produced, but movement of one or more of the articulators has stopped
prolongation example
mmmmy name is mark
frequency, duration, effort
perceived abnormality/severity of prolongation increases with
cessations of sound
abnormal blockage of the release of air during speech production which results from obstruction of airflow out of the lungs, through larynx, past articulating structures, so that no sound is produced; when nothing comes out
frequency, duration, effort
perceived abnormality/severity of cessation increases with
repetitions, prolongations, cessations/blocks
core behaviors of stuttering
developmental stuttering
most frequent type of stuttering
stuttering behavior
word improperly patterned in time and the speaker's reaction thereto - Charles Van Riper
secondary behaviors (overt)
directly observable behaviors that the stutterer emits when they believes they are stuttering, did stutter, or will stutter
feeling and attitudes (covert)
develop as a result of repeatedly experiencing involuntary repetitions, prolongations, and cessations of sound and secondary behaviors
feared situation
stuttering involves an involuntary lack of control which is a
secondary behaviors
desire to get out of feared situations leads to
escape behavior
when you are stuttering and hope to escape the situation or stop
avoidance behavior
seeing a stutter coming so they avoid it
fluency disorder
stuttering is a
fluency
effortlessly produced, rapid, well intoned or inflected, connected verbal output that does not have any unusual disruption in its forward flow
continuity, rate, rhythm, effort
fluency has four basic dimensions
continuity
smoothness of speech and the extent to which the forward flow of speech is not broken up or disrupted
rate
speed at which words are produced
rhythm
cadence, prosody, beat of speech that is partially related to stress and intonation patterns (dance of speech)
effort
amount of physical and mental work needed to produce speech
2
children who are not considered to be stutterers have less than ___ small unit repetitions per 100 words spoken and less than ___ prolongations per 100 words spoken
more likely
children who tend to have more than 2 of these types of stutters per 100 words spoken are ____________ to be considered to be stutterers
repetitions
for the most part, this is the first sign of stuttering noted in most children
idiopathic stuttering
stuttering with no obvious cause
acquired stuttering
something causes it such as parkinson's disease
1%
percentage of all kids in school are stutterers
idiopathic
most common form of stuttering
5
mean age of onset of stuttering
4
median age of onset of stuttering
prevalence of stuttering
percentage who are considered to be stuttering at any particular time
incidence of stuttering
life time risk or percentage of the entire population who has ever been considered to be a stutterer. 5%
recovery
therapy can help speed up _____
deafness
only condition known that is associated with a decreased prevalence of stuttering
can't hear, don't listen to yourself, don't monitor own speech
less likely to stutter if
77
In monozygotic twins, if one twin stutters the probability that the other will also stutter is
36
in dizygotic twins, if one twin stutters the probability that the other same sex twin will stutter is
18
probability of same sex siblings will stutter is
co-explorer
talk and find out what is going on with the client and what situations are hard for them. help them discover things they might not know about their stutter
consistency effect
tendency of stutterers to stutter on the same word when read twice
anticipation effect
ability of stutterers to indicate words they might stutter on in a passage. Chronic
adaptation effect
tendency of stutterers to stutter less and less frequently
stop stuttering immediately
SSI
75%
4 years old
50%
6 years old
25%
10 year old
chorus reading, lipped speech, shadowing
SSI examples that are supposed to make speech easier
drugs, EMG feedback, adaptation effect
few conditions that reduce stuttering by 50% overtime