William Tyndale is known for __________.
translating the New Testament to English
The Peace of Augsburg recognized that __________.
the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land
The primary reason monarchs sought out new sources of income in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was due to the __________.
growing cost of warfare
The Treaty of Westphalia finally granted Calvinists __________.
legal recognition
The Thirty Years' War began as a __________.
revolt of Bohemian Protestant nobility against an unpopular king
The term "Machiavellian" has become synonymous with __________.
ruthless political expediency
Henry IV converted to Catholicism, motivated by __________.
expediency
Who was known as the "father of humanism"?
Francisco Petrarch.
Cosimo de' Medici brought stability to which city after his rise to power in 1434?
Florence.
Which of the following was an influential women's order founded in 1535 for the religious education of girls from all social classes?
The Ursulines.
Humanism prepared the way for Protestant reforms in which of the following countries?
England, France, and Germany.
What did the provision in the Edict of Nantes that allowed citizens to maintain fortified towns reveal about social conditions?
Protestants and Catholics did not trust one another.
Queen Elizabeth I was cautious and firm with groups such as the __________ ensuring that nothing lessened the hierarchical unity of the Church of England.
Puritans
The __________ of the West Indies and Brazil became the major center for black slavery in the mid-sixteenth century.
sugar plantations
King Henry IV stunned France, Spain, and the pope by __________.
publicly abandoning the Protestant faith and embracing Catholicism
Whose most famous painting is the Mona Lisa?
Leonardo da Vinci.
The ruler of Spain for most of the later 1500s was __________.
Philip II
Which of the following cities played a key role in the trade between Europe and the Near East?
Venice.
What English humanist wrote a famous book called Utopia?
Thomas More.
What was the difference between the teachings on salvation of the Roman Catholic Church and those of Martin Luther?
Luther believed that salvation comes from faith alone while the Roman Catholic Church believed salvation came from divine mercy and good works.
The Peace of Augsburg recognized in law what had already been established in practice, which was that __________.
the ruler of the land would determine the religion
A new alliance between monarchs and _________ helped break the bonds of feudal society.
townspeople
The Reformation broke out first in the cities of __________.
Switzerland and Germany
Along with his rigorous teachings of ancient languages, humanist Vittorino da Feltre included __________ as part of his daily educational instructions.
physical exercise and games
What is William of Orange known for?
He led the movement for the independence of the Netherlands from Spain.
For which of the following novels is Cervantes best known?
Don Quixote.
How did predestination factor into Calvin's theology?
Predestination was central to Calvin's theology.
By 1600, the population of the Holy Roman Empire was __________.
about equally divided between Catholics and Protestants
Which of these groups provided strong support for the Reformation?
Landowners.
A new style of art called "mannerism" allowed the artist to include __________ in his or her work.
the strange and abnormal
German Protestant rulers realized the political implications of the demise of the Roman Catholic Church and formed a defensive alliance called the __________.
Schmalkaldic League
Which of the following statements most accurately explains the impact that the fourth period of the Thirty Years' War - the Swedish-French period - had on Germany?
During the fourth period of the war, French, Swedish, and Spanish soldiers looted all of Germany, killing an estimated ? of its population.
Hostilities between Spain and England reached a climax in 1588 when __________.
the Spanish Armada was sent to invade England
Catherine de M�dicis convinced the king to execute the Protestants leaders in the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre because she claimed that __________.
a Protestant coup was afoot, and that he must save the crown from an attack on Paris
Luther' ninety-five theses __________.
sparked the Reformation in Germany
One of the most important problems in the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was that __________.
Henry VIII needed a male heir
What was the primary reason Spanish explorers sailed the Atlantic Ocean?
To find a shorter route to the East Indies.
The great masters of the High Renaissance were __________.
Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo
Medieval Europe was a feudal society that had an __________.
agricultural economy and was dominated by the church
Medieval art tended to be abstract and formulaic, whereas Renaissance art showed __________.
the natural world and human emotions