William Ockham
English fransican, excommunicated, believed government should be completely secular
Northern Renaissance
Focused on Christian history.
Southern Renaissance
More concerned with scholasticism, rhetoric, logic and politics
Nicholas V
A good pope during the Renaissance (1447-1455), who established the Great Vatican Library.
Callistus III
Alfonso Borgia, concerned with the invasion of the Turks
Alexander VI
corruption in the papacy reached its height under pope
Julius II
Renaissance Pope aka the Warrior Pope who drove the French from the Italian Peninsula in 1498
Leo X
excommunicated Luther, sold indulgences.
Savonarola
Dominican monk who established a theocracy in Florence while the French were in Italy
Nepotism
Favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)
Finances and indulgences
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Indulgences
pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment
Absenteeism
Frequent absence from work or another place without a good explanation
Benefices
Estates granted by Carolingians to support troops while they were serving
95 theses
Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.
Justification by Faith
Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation
Sola Scriptura
Belief that the Bible is the sole source of religious truth
Sola Gratia
The teaching that grace alone, received by faith, bring salvation
Sola Fide
By faith alone. The grace of God as the only ground of salvation through faith in Jesus Christ.
Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe
Jean Calvin
French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva
Ulrich Zwingli
Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)
John Knox
Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Had been taught in Geneva by Calvin.
Anabaptists
These were the "radicals" in Reformation in which someone would choose if they wanted to be baptized
Henry VIII
English king that left the catholic church and started the Church of England
Thomas Cranmer
first archbishop of the Church of England, wrote The Book of Common Prayer
Thomas More
English humanist who described an ideal society in Utopia
Bloody Mary
daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558
Elizabeth I
English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise
John Knox
Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Had been taught in Geneva by Calvin.
Baroque Art
18th century art movement; Baroque: grandeur, symmetry, strict regulations (Palace of Versailles)
Paul III
pope who summoned the Council of Trent to deal with matters of Church reform
Council of Trent
This was the meeting called by Pope Paul III that secured reconciliation with the Protestants
Jesuits
members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Ignatius de loyola
establishes Jesuits- take vow of poverty and attempt to keep people dedicated Catholics
Francis Xavier
Jesuit missionary to Africa and Asia, he was also Ignatius' best friend.
Isaac Jogues
French Jesuit; served as a missionary in the New World; martyred by Native Americans
Matteo Ricci
Italian Jesuit who wanted to convert China to Christianity during the Ming dynasty
1. Did renaissance popes benefit and hurt the Catholic Church? Use the examples of one of the popes from your renaissance worksheet to answer this question and make sure to discuss nepotism
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2. Why, according to Vidmar, is it insufficient to argue that "the Roman Church was corrupt and that the Reformation was a necessary corrective?" (p. 184). Make sure to discuss political, philosophical, and religious factors that allowed the Reformation t
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3. What sorts of abuses permeated the Catholic Church in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? Be able to explain four of the following: finances, multiplication of benefices, absenteeism, diplomatic overkill, and nepotism.
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4. Provide a brief biography for Martin Luther. How did he develop a theology that was distinct from the Catholic Church? Make sure to discuss sola scriptura, sola fide, and sola gratia in your answer.
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5. Explain the differences between the Protestant Reformation in England and on the Continent (Germany/Switzerland). What caused these differences? Make sure to discuss Henry VIII, Martin Luther, and Jean Calvin in your answer.
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6. How was the Council of Trent a response to Protestantism and how was it an outgrowth of the reform already taking place within the Catholic Church? Make sure to discuss Paul III, new religious orders, and seminaries in your answer.
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7. What were the main drivers for missionary activity within America and Asia? What role did the Jesuits play? Make sure to discuss Francis Xavier, Isaac Jogues, an Matteo Ricci in your answer.
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8. Discuss how the rise of the individual played a significant role in the Renaissance and the Reformation. Make sure to discuss Renaissance individualism and the priesthood of all believers in your answer.
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