Church History Unit 5

William Ockham

English fransican, excommunicated, believed government should be completely secular

Northern Renaissance

Focused on Christian history.

Southern Renaissance

More concerned with scholasticism, rhetoric, logic and politics

Nicholas V

A good pope during the Renaissance (1447-1455), who established the Great Vatican Library.

Callistus III

Alfonso Borgia, concerned with the invasion of the Turks

Alexander VI

corruption in the papacy reached its height under pope

Julius II

Renaissance Pope aka the Warrior Pope who drove the French from the Italian Peninsula in 1498

Leo X

excommunicated Luther, sold indulgences.

Savonarola

Dominican monk who established a theocracy in Florence while the French were in Italy

Nepotism

Favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)

Finances and indulgences

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Indulgences

pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment

Absenteeism

Frequent absence from work or another place without a good explanation

Benefices

Estates granted by Carolingians to support troops while they were serving

95 theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.

Justification by Faith

Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation

Sola Scriptura

Belief that the Bible is the sole source of religious truth

Sola Gratia

The teaching that grace alone, received by faith, bring salvation

Sola Fide

By faith alone. The grace of God as the only ground of salvation through faith in Jesus Christ.

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe

Jean Calvin

French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)

John Knox

Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Had been taught in Geneva by Calvin.

Anabaptists

These were the "radicals" in Reformation in which someone would choose if they wanted to be baptized

Henry VIII

English king that left the catholic church and started the Church of England

Thomas Cranmer

first archbishop of the Church of England, wrote The Book of Common Prayer

Thomas More

English humanist who described an ideal society in Utopia

Bloody Mary

daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise

John Knox

Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Had been taught in Geneva by Calvin.

Baroque Art

18th century art movement; Baroque: grandeur, symmetry, strict regulations (Palace of Versailles)

Paul III

pope who summoned the Council of Trent to deal with matters of Church reform

Council of Trent

This was the meeting called by Pope Paul III that secured reconciliation with the Protestants

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius de loyola

establishes Jesuits- take vow of poverty and attempt to keep people dedicated Catholics

Francis Xavier

Jesuit missionary to Africa and Asia, he was also Ignatius' best friend.

Isaac Jogues

French Jesuit; served as a missionary in the New World; martyred by Native Americans

Matteo Ricci

Italian Jesuit who wanted to convert China to Christianity during the Ming dynasty

1. Did renaissance popes benefit and hurt the Catholic Church? Use the examples of one of the popes from your renaissance worksheet to answer this question and make sure to discuss nepotism

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2. Why, according to Vidmar, is it insufficient to argue that "the Roman Church was corrupt and that the Reformation was a necessary corrective?" (p. 184). Make sure to discuss political, philosophical, and religious factors that allowed the Reformation t

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3. What sorts of abuses permeated the Catholic Church in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? Be able to explain four of the following: finances, multiplication of benefices, absenteeism, diplomatic overkill, and nepotism.

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4. Provide a brief biography for Martin Luther. How did he develop a theology that was distinct from the Catholic Church? Make sure to discuss sola scriptura, sola fide, and sola gratia in your answer.

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5. Explain the differences between the Protestant Reformation in England and on the Continent (Germany/Switzerland). What caused these differences? Make sure to discuss Henry VIII, Martin Luther, and Jean Calvin in your answer.

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6. How was the Council of Trent a response to Protestantism and how was it an outgrowth of the reform already taking place within the Catholic Church? Make sure to discuss Paul III, new religious orders, and seminaries in your answer.

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7. What were the main drivers for missionary activity within America and Asia? What role did the Jesuits play? Make sure to discuss Francis Xavier, Isaac Jogues, an Matteo Ricci in your answer.

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8. Discuss how the rise of the individual played a significant role in the Renaissance and the Reformation. Make sure to discuss Renaissance individualism and the priesthood of all believers in your answer.

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