The most commonly used acid for etching is___________________ __________________ in concentrations ranging from 10-38%.
Phosphoric acid
The etched surface of a permanent tooth should have a ___________________ appearance.
Frosty
If _________________ contaminates an etched surface, the surface must be re-etched.
Saliva
Acid etching increases the ability of liquids to wet the surface of the tooth by creating _________________ surface energy.
High
The strength of the bond obtained is measured by determining the ________________ needed to separate the two joined materials.
Force
The ________________ _______________ is composed mostly of cut tooth structure and may also contain plaque, bacteria, pellicle, saliva, and even blood.
Smear layer
___________________ should be etched for 10 seconds; ___________________ should be etched for 20-30 seconds.
-Dentin
-Enamel
Primary teeth may require etching for up to 60 seconds due to their ___________________ enamel structure.
Aprismatic
Following acid etching ___________________ should not be completely dried; it should be left moist so its surface glistens.
Dentin
Keeping the surface of dentin moist after etching keeps the ___________________ ________________ fluffed up.
Collagen fibers (fibrils)
The very thin layer of uncured resin that forms on the surface of polymerized (cured) bonding resin is called ___________________-___________________ layer.
Oxygen-inhibited
The _______________-______________ process for resin bonding agents can be activated by a curing light or chemically without the use of a light.
Dual-cure
___________________ permit fluids, bacteria, and debris to enter the cavity preparation and can contribute to recurrent decay.
Microleakage
Orthodontic brackets must be bonded to the enamel with ___________________ ___________________ that may be self-cured, light-cured, or dual-cured resins.
Adhesive materials
________________ are often bonded within the roots of endodontically treated teeth when the coronal structure is inadequate for restoration with a crown.
Posts
Composite resins are composed of an organic resin matrix and inorganic silica filler particles joined by a ___________________ coupling agent.
Silane
The curing light uses a light from the _______________ wave range that activates a chemical reaction that initiates the polymerization (curing) reaction.
Blue
It is recommended that light-cured composite be placed in increments no thicker than _____________.
2mm
An advantage of composite over amalgam is less __________________ ___________________.
Thermal conductivity
The ___________________ part of the tooth is closest to dentin in color.
Cervical
Three modes of cure for composite resins:
*Chemical-cured
*Light-cured
*Dual-cured
The most popular type of curing light used today is ____________.
LED
Repeated exposure of the human eye to the blue curing light can result in ___________________ ___________________.
Macular degeneration
For placement of glass ionomer cements 10% ___________________ ______________ is used.
Polyacrylic acid
Microfilled, microhybrid, and nanohybrids can all be used in the ___________________ part of the mouth (non-stress bearing).
Anterior
Composite restorations have become more ___________________, leak less, polish better, and match teeth better.
Durable
Chemically-cured resins consist of two pastes: the first is a base; the second is a ___________________.
Catalyst
___________________ composites can be useful as liners in large cavity preparations.
Flowable
___________________ composites are used for restoration of posterior teeth in areas of high function because of their strength and wear resistance.
Packable
Glass ionomer cements are self-curing as well as ___________________ releasing.
Fluoride
Using glass ionomer in combination with another restorative material to gain the best properties of each material is ___________________ or "the sandwich technique".
Lamination
The accepted optimal level of fluoride in the drinking water is ___________ ppm
0.7
The most common side effect caused from chlorhexidine gluconate is ___________________ ___________________.
Brown staining
A patient can gain the greatest benefit from fluoride if it is applied ___________________ after the teeth have erupted.
Topically
Over consumption of fluoride can cause ___________________; severe cases can result in brown staining and pitting of the enamel surface.
Fluorosis
In-office topical fluoride used 1-2 times per year has been shown to reduce caries rates by _________-__________%
20-26%
___________________ _________________ are the most susceptible to pit and fissure caries; caries occurs most often in upper and lower molars (80-90%).
Mandibular molars
Sealants are most frequently lost from maxillary and mandibular _____________________ _________________; these are located in a difficult area to maintain a dry field during sealant placement without the use of a rubber dental dam.
Second molars
The worst sealant failure would be ___________________ of a sealant that remains in place.
Leakage
Causes for ___________________ ___________________ are dental caries, a cracked tooth, a leaking restoration, abfraction, and SRP procedures.
Dentinal sensitivity
Potassium nitrate desensitizing agent is thought to work by passing through the ___________________ ___________________ and acting directly on the nerve.
Dentinal tubules
Demineralization can occur at a pH of _______________.
5.5
Acidulated phosphate (APF) is most often used for ___________________ for in-office fluoride applications using a tray with 12,300 ppm fluoride.
Children
___________________ ___________________ ___________________ is often used for adults.
Neutral sodium fluoride
Fluoride varnish 5.0% ___________________ ___________________ can be directly applied to the teeth in-office.
Sodium fluoride