surface tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
intermolar forces
forces of hold atoms together within a molecule
intramolecular forces
forces that exist between molecules
capillary action
the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
Sublimation
solid to gas
Evaporation
Liquid to gas
Condensation
Gas to liquid
polar
a covalent bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are unequally distributed
nonpolar
a bond in which electrons are shared equally
Solubility
A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given solvent
soluble
capable of being dissolved
Solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Solvent
the substance in which the solute dissolves
Solvated
a solute particle that is surrounded by solvent molecules
Dipole
occur due to the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms in a molecule.
hydrogen bond
Attraction between a positive hydrogen atom and a negative atom.
universal solvent
substance that dissolves most chemicals (water)
aqueous solution
a solution in which water is the solvent
Surfactant
a substance which tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved.
Solution
A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.
Suspension
A mixture in which particles are large and do not dissolve completely
Colloids
particles that are intermediate in size between those in solutions and suspensions (pic is milk mixed with water)
Tyndall effect
Scattering of a light beam as it passes through a colloid
Electrolyte
An ionic compound whose aqueous solution conducts an electric current
nonelectrolyte
A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct an electric current
saturated solution
a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions
unsaturated solution
A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution does and that is able to dissolve additional solute
supersaturated solution
contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature
Hydration
a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water
Immiscible
liquids that are not soluble in each other
Miscible
Describes two liquids that are soluble in each other
precipitate
A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.
Emulsion
The colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another
Henry's Law
the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid
effervescence
the rapid escape of a gas from a liquid in which it is dissolved
Concentration
A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent
Molarity
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Molality
the concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent