polyatomic ion
group of covalently bonded atoms with a charge
Polyatomic ion examples
Phosphate: PO43-
Nitrate: NO31-
Where are atoms with positive oxidation numbers/ charges written?
First
How to neutralize a negative charge?
Use a positive charge
Oxidation number of transition elements
They can have multiple
diatomic elements
2 atoms covalently bonded together
Organic
contain carbon and derived from organisms
Inorganic
Does not contain carbon
organic compound examples
CH4: methane
C6H12O6: glucose (sugar)
inorganic examples
O2, H2O
Hydrocarbons
Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
How many bonds can carbon form
4 bonds
metal ions
Lose electrons
Positive charge (cation)
nonmetal ions
Gain electrons
Negative charge (anion)
Electronegativity
A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
Ionic bonds
Attraction between ions
Binary ionic compounds
Ionic compounds with two elements
oxidation number
Charge
Positive or negative number that indicates how many electrons an atom has gained, lost, or shared to become stable
molecular substance definition
Made of covalently bonded elements
Share electrons
Between nonmetals
Examples of molecular substances
Water, carbon dioxide, chlorine gas
Molecular properties
Nonmetals
Usually gas or Solid
liquid
Lower Interparticle force
Covalent
Variable solubility
Nonconductive
Ionic properties
Metal + nonmetal
Higher force Ionic
High solubility
Conductive
Compound
Two or more elements chemically bonded together
Fixed ratio
Examples of compounds
NaCl: sodium chloride
CO2: carbon dioxide
H2O: water
Reactants
Substances that exist before the reaction
Products
Exist after the reaction
What part of the atom is involved in forming compounds?
Electron cloud only (not the nucleus)
What do valence electrons determine?
the chemical properties of an element
Noble gases are
Unreactive
Do not form compounds
Have a full number of valence electrons
octet rule
Atoms achieve stability by having 8 valence electrons
Gain/lose or share
How do atoms achieve stability?
by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons, filing their outermost shell to its prescribed number of electrons
Whats an atom's charge if it gains an electron
Negative
Whats an atom's charge if it loses an electron
Positive
Cations
Ions with a positive charge
Lose electrons
Anions
Ions with a negative charge
Gain electrons
Electronegativity
A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
ionic bonding
Bond between a cation and an anion
Between a metal and a nonmetal
sharing electrons
Two atoms come close together and their electron clouds overlap
share a pair of electrons
Between nonmetals
covalent bonding
Share electrons
Spend time around each atom
Nonpolar
equally sharing of electrons
polar
Unequal sharing of electrons
Interparticle forces
Forces of attraction between particles
Greater the attraction -> more solid state
chemical formula
shows the elements in the compound and the ratio of atoms