development
the process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion and knowledge
more developed country (MDC)
progressed further along the development continuum
less developed country (LDC)
some progress toward development
The HDI (Human Development Index) takes what three things into consideration when determining a country's level of development?
Decent standard of living, a long healthy life, and access to knowledge
gross national income (GNI)
the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country
primary sector
activities that directly extract minerals from the Earth
secondary sector
manufacturers that process raw materials into useful products
tertiary sector
provisions of goods and services in exchange for payment
Within MDC's, what's the trend for each of the sectors?
Medium amount with primary, really low secondary and high rising tertiary
productivity
the value of a product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
value added
gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy
What three "consumer goods" are considered to be particularly good indications of development?
Motor vehicles, computers and telephones
The people in LDC's who do have access to consumer goods are usually concentrated in what regions?
Urban
pupil/teacher ratio
the amount of students per one teacher
literacy rate
percent of country's people that can read or write
Give examples of regions where the are variations in levels of development.
Northern Africa and Southwest Asia are high in petroleum in some places but not others
gender inequality index (GII)
a way to measure the extent of gender inequality
The GII considers what three areas as it compares the situation of women to that of men in various countries?
Empowerment, labor and reproductive health
Where are the highest GII's?
Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Central Asia and Southwest Asia
Where are GII's the lowest?
Europe
empowerment
the ability of women to achieve improvements in their own status'
What two indicators are measured to calculate the empowerment dimension of the GII?
The percent of seats held in the legislature and the percent of women holding full time jobs outside of the home
Even though developed countries make up 1/4th of the world, they use _____ amount of energy than developing countries.
about the same
Who uses 1/4th of the world's energy but is only 1/20th of the population?
North Americans
What energy source is primarily produced in the United States?
Coal
What energy source is used primarily for heating households?
Natural gas
In 1973, when the U.S. supported Israel in the war, the OPEC did what to American's supply to oil?
Stopped selling it to us
Demand
The quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy.
Supply
The quantity of something that producers have available for sale
What are the three main sources of energy?
Coal, petroleum and natural gas
Fossil fuel
An energy source forms from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago
Where are the heaviest consumers of fossil fuels?
Developed countries
Who consumes 20% of the worlds energy?
China
Where is the highest per capita consumption of energy?
The United States
What are the three demand for energy consumption in United States?
Businesses, homes and transportation
What country is responsible for supplying nearly one half of the world's coal?
China
Where does petroleum lie in the ocean?
In the Persian Gulf and the North Sea
What country supply one fourth of the world petroleum?
Russia and Saudi Arabia
Who supplies the earth with one third of natural gas?
Russia and Southwest Asia
How much natural gas does the US produce?
One third of the worlds
Developed country supply a large share of the worlds fossil fuels but they demand ____ energy than they produce
More
Proven reserves
The supply of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered
At what decimal is the HDI the highest?
The highest possible is 1.0 or 100%
Where are HDI's the highest?
The northern hemisphere
Purchasing power parity
An adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods
What's an example of purchasing power parity?
A resident of a country has the same income as a resident of another country but must pay more for a big mac or Starbucks
Workers in developed countries produce more with less effort because why?
Do you have access to more machines tools and equipment to perform much of the work
Inequality - adjusted HDI
An indicator of development that modifies the HDI to account for inequality within a country
When do you know that inequality is high?
When the IHD I is lower than the HDI
Where the lowest scores of inequality?
Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
How did technological innovations tend to diffuse?
From urban to rural areas
Creating infrastructure can help promote what?
Development
Technology can do what to reduce the gap between developing an developed countries
Technology
Why is infant mortality rate greater in developing countries?
Lack of medicine and poor medical practices
What two ways does the United Nations evaluate the quantity of schooling?
Years of schooling and expected years of schooling
Where are the highest literacy rates in the world?
The United States Canada Europe Russia and Australia
Where are the lowest literacy rates?
Sub-Saharan Africa
What region of the world has high variations in level of development?
Southwest Asia and north Africa
The higher the GII the___ The inequality between women and men is
Greater
Where the lowest rates of female participation?
Southwest Asia and north Africa
Where is the world's highest female participation in the labor force?
Sub-Saharan Africa
Maternal mortality ratio
The number of women who died giving birth per 100,000 births
Where are the highest rates of maternal mortality ratio?
Sub-Saharan Africa
Adolescent fertility rate
The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15-19
Why is reproductive health one of the main factors of development?
The more educated women are the more develop the country is
Where have the greatest improvement of gender inequality been?
Southwest Asia and north Africa
What is OPEC?
An organization formed to enable oil-rich developing countries to gain more control over their resource
What's a big advantage of nuclear power?
The large amount of energy released from a small amount of material
What percent of the worlds electricity is from nuclear power supplies?
14%
Fission
The production of electricity from energy released by splitting uranium atomsin a controlled environment
What are some negative effects of clear power plants?
Potential accidents, radioactive waste, ball material, limited Urania reserves, high costs
What ranking does hydroelectric power have in the world energy production?
Second
____of the worlds hydroelectric power is generated in developing countries and one third in developed countries.
Two thirds
What's one way to use passive solar energy?
Getting double pane windows
What is solar energy primarily used for?
Heating water
What is the self-sufficiency model?
Countries encourage domestic production of goods, discourage foreign ownership of businesses and resources, and protect their businesses from international competition
What is international trade?
Countries open themselves to foreign investment and international markets
What was the more popular development path for most of the 20th century?
Self-sufficiency
What are the key elements of self-sufficiency?
Barriers limit the import of goods from other places, fledgling businesses are nurse to success by being isolated from competition with large international cooperation, investment is bright as equally as possible, incomes in the countryside keep pace with
According to the international trade approach how can a country develop economically?
By concentrating scarce resources on expansion of its distinctive local industries
What was the Rostow model?
A five-step international trade path model
What was the first step in Rostow's model?
A traditional society which includes a high percentage of people engage in agriculture and a high percentage of national wealth lol located to nonproductive activities
What is the story of the four Asian dragons?
The first countries to adopt the international trade path which were South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong
What happens in the patrol am rich Arabian Peninsula states?
Because of the plethora of oil Arabian Peninsula states became rich.
What are some challenges with self-sufficiency?
Protection of inefficient businesses and need for large bureaucracy
What are some problems with international trade?
Uneven resource distribution, market decline and increased dependence on developed countries