aorta
the largest artery in the body
aortic arch
part of the largest artery, branches into the brachiocephalic trunk
aortic valve
this valve has three cusps and opens to let blood leave the left ventricle on contraction
AV node
specialized mass of cardiac muscle fibers in the interatrial septum of the heart, transmits impulses to the av bundle
cardiac conduction system
the initiation and distribution of impulses through the myocardium that coordinates the cardiac cycle
cardiac output
volume discharged from the ventricle per minute
multiply stroke volume by HR in bpm
how do you calculate cardiac output
cardiac veins
these branch out and drain blood from the myocardial capillaries to join the coronary sinus
carotid sinuses
enlargements near the base of the carotid arteries that contain bioreceptors and help to control blood pressure
the circle of willis
AKA the cerebral arterial circle
cerebral arterial circle, or circle of willis
this connects the vertebral artery and internal carotid artery systems
chordae tendineae
strong fibers originating from the papillary muscles that attach to the cusps of the tricuspid valve
right atrium
where does the coronary sinus drain
diastole
the relaxation of a heart structure
endocardium
inner layer of the heart wall
epicardium
outer layer of the heart wall
functional syncytium
a mass of merging cells that function as a unit
hepatic portal system
the veins that drain the abdominal viscera
hepatic portal vein
the vein that drains the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleen
mitral or bicuspid valve
valve that lies between the left atrium and left ventricle
myocardium
middle layer of the heart wall
pacemaker
aka the SA node
papillary muscles
these pull the tendons that attach to the heart valves
pericardium
membrane that encloses the heart
pulmonary valve
valve that lies between the right ventricle and the lung arteries
thyrocervical arteries
arteries that branch off to the thyroid and parathyroids, larynx, trachea, esophagus, pharynx, and muscles of the neck, shoulder, and back.
tricuspid
valve between the right atrium and ventricle
vertebral arteries
these arteries run upward through the cervical vertebrae into the skull
semilunar valves
the pulmonary and aortic valves are also called
venules
link capillaries to veins
epicardium
the visceral pericardium is also known as
collect blood
the function of the atria is to
ventricular repolarization
the T wave on an ECG tracing represents
a pulse
the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is referred to as
internal jugular
blood from the brain returns to the heart via a vein called the
left subclavian and left common carotid arteries, ascending and descending aorta
branches off the aortic arch include
saphenous vein
longest vein in the human body
adaptive(specific) defense
immunity; it targets specific pathogens and acts more slowly than innate defenses
collecting ducts
the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
complement
a group of proteins in plasma and other body fluids that interact to cause inflammation and phagocytic activities
hapten
a small molecule that cannot stimulate an immune response by itself
hilum
an indented region of a lymph node where blood vessels and nerves are attached
humoral immune response
when antibodies react to to destroy antigens or antigen containing particles
immunoglobulins
antibodies
immunological surveillance
the immune systems potential ability to recognize and remove malignant cells throughout a persons lifetime
innate(non specific) defense
this type of defense protects the body from pathogens involving mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, fever, or species resistance
interferons
hormone like peptides that bind to uninfected cells and stimulate them to make protective proteins
lymphatic capillaries
microscopic vessels extending into interstitial spaces in complex networks
lymphatic pathways
tiny tubes formed from lymphatic capillaries that merge to form large vessels
lymphatic system
the body system that transports excess fluid out of the interstitial spaces in tissues and returns it to the bloodstream
lymphatic trunks
structures that drain lymph from lymphatic vessels and join either the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct
lymph nodes
specialized, bean shaped organs that act as filters or traps for foreign particles
lymph nodules
follicles that are the functional units of lymph nodes
lymph sinuses
spaces inside lymph nodes that comprise complex channels through which lymph moves
lysozyme
a family of enzymes that damage bacterial cell walls; various types are found in various body secretions
mechanical barriers
defenses that include the skin, mucous membranes, hair, sweat, and mucus
mononuclear phagocytic system
phagocytic cells that remove foreign particles from the lymph and blood
pathogen
disease causing agent, which may be a virus, bacterium, fungus or protozoan
plasma cells
cells that produce antibodies to destroy antigens
primary immune response
the activation of B or T cells after they first encounter the antigens for which they are specialized to react
pus
a thick fluid formed from masses of leukocytes, bacterial cells, and damaged tissue
right lymphatic duct
the smaller of the two collecting ducts; it receives lymph from the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb, and right thorax
secondary immune response
the appearance of concentrations of antibodies in the blood plasma, usually 5-10 days after exposure to antigens
species resistance
an innate defense wherein one species is resistant to certain diseases that may effect other species
spleen
the largest lymphatic organ, it is filled with blood instead of lymph and filters the blood via the actions of lymphocytes and macrophages
thoracic duct
the larger and longer of the two collecting ducts
thymus
a lymphatic organ located in the thorax that is important in early immunity, it shrinks with age and is eventually replaced by other types of tissue
T cells
specialized lymphocyte precursors that make up the majority of circulated blood lymphocytes
lymph glands
another name for lymph nodes
B cells
cells that divide and differentiate into plasma cells
delayed reaction allergy
results from repeated exposure of the skin to certain chemicals, it usually takes about 48 hours to occur
autoantibodies
antibodies that attack and damage the bodys tissues and organs
auto immunity
when antibodies attack a persons own cells and organs
cytotoxic
cell killing, agent or process that kills cells
spleen
the largest collection of lymphatic tissue in the adult body is located in the
phagocytes
this is the first line of cellular defense against pathogens
T cells
which cells are responsible for cellular immunity
IgE
immunoglobulins that attach to mast cells and basophils, and are involved in allergic reactions, this is the abbreviation
thymus
T lymphocytes must mature in which of the following organs before they can stimulate B lymphocytes
blood vessels
lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with these
white pulp
portions of the spleen that contain large numbers of lymphocytes are known as
IgM
which type of immunoglobulin is composed of five single molecules found together
lacteals
special lymphatic capillaries located in the small intestine
peyer's patches
these are found in the lining of the small intestine
IgM
during a primary immune response, this immunoglobulin appears in the blood
a small area differing from the rest of a surface
peyer's patches