Peptide hormones are composed of...
amino acids
Peptide hormones are polar and as such...
cannot pass through the plasma membrane
Peptide hormones bind to...
extracellular receptors
Peptide hormones bound to extracellular receptors, trigger...
the transmission of a second messenger
Peptide hormones usually have what kind of onset?
rapid
Peptide hormones are short or long-lived?
short-lived
Peptide hormones do not require...
a protein to travel in the bloodstream because they are polar.
Steroid hormones are derived from..
cholesterol
Are steroids able to pass through the plasma membrane?
Yes. because they are minimally polar
Steroid hormones bind to to and promote change of...
intracellular or intranuclear receptors
Hormone-receptor complexes bind to...
DNA, affecting the transcription of a particular gene ( steroid hormones)
Steroid hormones are long-lived or short-lived?
long-lived
Steroid hormones have a slow or rapid onset?
slow
Steroid hormones must be carried in the bloodstream by...
proteins because they cannot dissolve in the bloodstream.
Amino acid-derivative hormones are...
modified amino acids
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and triiodthyronine and thyroxine are examples of what kind of hormone?
Amino-acid derivative hormones.
Direct hormones have major effects in...
non-endocrine tissues
Tropic hormones have major effects in...
endocrine tissues
The hypothalamus is the bridge between the...
nervous and endocrine systems
In negative feedback, the final hormone of a pathway...
inhibits hormones or enzymes earlier in the pathway
The hypothalamus stimulates the...
anterior pituitary gland
How does the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary gland?
through paracrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, which directly connects the two organs.
Paracrine means...
relating to a chemical signal that is released by one cell and affects neighboring cells.
Hypophyseal portal system is...
a system of blood vessels in the brain that connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. Its main function is the transport and exchange of hormones to allow a fast communication between both glands.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) promotes the release of...
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) promotes the release of...
growth hormone
Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) promotes the release of...
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) promotes the release of...
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF or dopamine) does what...?
inhibits the release of prolactin
Antiduretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) and oxytocin are synthesized where?
in the hypothalamus and then travel down the axons to the posterior pituitary, where they are released into the bloodstream
The anterior pituitary releases hormones in response to...
stimulation from the hypothalamus (FLATPEG)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) promotes...
the development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males
Lutenizing Hormone (LH) promotes...
ovulating in females and testosterone production in males
Andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) promotes...
synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal complex
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) promotes...
synthesis and release of triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine(T4) from the thyroid
Prolactin promotes...
milk production
Triiodothyronine is...
a lipid-soluble hormone, derived from the amino acid tyrosine, containing three iodine atoms and produced and secreted by the thyroid gland.
Thyroxine (T4) is...
a lipid-soluble hormone, derived from the amino acid tyrosine, containing four iodine atoms and produced and secreted by the thyroid gland. Acts primarily to increase cellular metabolism. In mammals, T4 is converted to the more active hormone triiodothyro
Endorphins decrease...
perception of pain and can cause euphoria
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) is...
secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity and increases reabsorption of water in the collecting duct of the nephron, increasing blood volume and decreasing blood osmolarity
Osmolarity
The concentration of dissolved substances in a solution, measured in osmoles per liter.
Oxytocin is...
secreted during childbirth and promotes uterine contractions. Also promotes milk ejection and may be involved in bonding behavior.
Why is oxytocin unusual?
because it has a positive feedback loop, not negative.
T3 and T3 are produced where and by what?
in the thyroid and by follicular cells
Calcitonin is produced where and by what?
in the thyroid and by parafollicular cells
Calicitonin serves what function?
decreases plasma calcium concentration by promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys, decreasing calcium absorption in the gut, and promoting calcium storage in bone
Follicular cells
are simple cuboidal epithelium and are arranged in spherical follicles surrounding colloid. The interiors of one of these follicles is known as the follicular lumen. They have thyrotropin receptors on their surface, which respond to thyroid-stimulating ho
Parafollicular cells
neuroendocrine cells in the thyroid which primaryil function is to secrete calcitonin. They are located adjacent to the thyroid follicles and reside in the connective tissue. Calcitonin-producing parafollicular cells (C cells) can be found scattered along
The parathyroid glands release...
parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases blood calcium concentration
The adrenal cortex is...
the outer region of the adrenal gland. it comprises around 75% of the gland. essential to life. Their destruction causes death.
http://www.majordifferences.com/2014/04/difference-between-adrenal-cortex-and.html#.Vb1faflVhBc
The adrenal gland(s) are...
either of two small endocrine glands, one above each kidney. The outer portion (cortex) secretes several steroid hormones; the inner portion (medulla) secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Glucocorticoids perform which function?
increase blood glucose concentration, reduce protein synthesis, inhibit the immune system, and participate in the stress response.
Cortisol and Cortisone are...
glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids perform which function?
A class of steroid hormones, produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex, that regulate electrolyte levels and the overall volume of body fluids. Aldosterone is the principal one in humans. Compare with glucocorticoids.
Aldosterone is...
a minerealocorticoid
Cortical sex hormones include...
androgens (like testosterone) and estrogens in both males and females
The adrenal medulla is derived from...
the CNS and secretes catecholamines into the bloodstream (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
The endocrine pancreas produces hormones that..
regulate glucose homeostasis
Glucagon is produced in the pancreas by...
alpha cells.
Insulin is produced in the pancreas by...
beta cells.
Somatostatin is produced in the pancreas by...
delta cells.
Testes secrete...
testosterone
Ovaries secrete...
estrogen and progesterone
What gland releases melatonin?
the pineal glad
Cells in the stomach and intestine produce hormones like...
secretin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin
Secretin is...
A peptide hormone produced by cells in the small intestine in response to the arrival of food from the stomach. Stimulates secretion of bicarbonate (HCO3-) from the pancreas.
Gastrin is...
A hormone produced by cells in the stomach lining in response to the arrival of food or to a neural signal from the brain. Stimulates other stomach cells to release hydrochloric acid.
Cholecystokinin
A peptide hormone secreted by cells in the lining of the small intestine. Stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and of bile from the liver and gallbladder.
The kidneys secrete..
erythropoietin
Erythropoietin...
Stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes (red blood cells) in response to low oxygen levels in the blood
The atria of the heart secrete...
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
promotes excretion of salt and water in the kidneys in response to stretch of the atria (high blood volume). It is released by muscle cells in the upper chambers (atria) of the heart (atrial myocytes) in response to high blood volume. acts to reduce the w
The thymus secretes...
thymosin
Thymosin
a hormone important for proper T-cell development and differentiation
Tropic hormones...
are hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target. most are produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary gland through paracrine release of...
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH), Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) & Prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF) / Dopamine
Hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus and then released through the posterior pituitary include...
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin and oxytocin
Hormones released by the anterior pituitary in response to paracrine stimulation by the hypothalamus include...
Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Andrenocorticotropic hormone, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Prolactin, Endorphins, and Growth Hormones
The adrenal cortex produces which three classes of steroid hormones?
Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone), Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), Cortical sex hormones (androgens and estrogen)
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
Decreased blood pressure causes the juxtaglomerular cells (baroreceptors) of the kidneys to secrete...
renin
Renin does what?
cleaves an inactive plasma protein, angiotensin, to its active form, angiotensin I.
Angiotensin I does what?
is converted to angiotensin II by antgiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs
Angiotensin II does what?
stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
Calcitonin helps
regulate the calcium in the blood. When the concentration of calcium ions rises in the blood, there is an increase in the secretion of calcitonin to reduce the level of calcium in the blood. When the calcium concentration falls and returns to normal, the
Catecholamine
a monoamine, an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups) and a side-chain amine. Stimulate the "fight or flight" response to danger; sympathetic nervous system response (epinephrine, norepinephrine).
Glucagon
raises blood glucose levels by stimulating protein and fat degradation, glycogenolysis (breakdown of glucose), and gluconeogenesis.
Glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Gluconeogensis
Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.
Glycolysis
1 molecule of glucose broken in half, producing 2 molecules pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound
Glycogenesis
Anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage.
Insulin
lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake by cells and anabolic processes.
Somatostatin
inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
Aldosterone
A mineralcortocoid produced by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys and potassium excretion in urine.
Vasopressin
made in pituitary glands, target is nephrons of the kidneys, helps control the balance of water in the body by causing the kidneys to reabsorb water