A & P 2: Blood

Major functions of blood

Transport, protection, and regulation

Normal range of PH in blood

7.35-7.45

Viscosity of blood

how thick blood is which is dependent on size, weight and gender. whole blood: 4.5-5.5; plasma: 2.0

color of blood

rich red from more hemoglobin or light red with less hemoglobin

volume of blood

4.5L of blood for females; 5.6L of blood for males

components of blood

major components of blood plasma

nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, and plasma protein

What percent of the whole blood is plasma?

55%

3 major plasma proteins

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

albumins

produced by the liver. helps maintain osmotic and blood pressure

globulins

play various roles in immunity, solute transport, and clotting

fibrinogen

helps clotting of blood

What percent of whole blood is blood cells

45%

What percent of blood plasma is water?

91.5%

hemopoiesis

formation of blood cells

Where does hemopoiesis take place?

takes place in ends and shafts of long bones

Where are all blood cells manufactured?

in red bone marrow

EPO (erythropoietin)

produced in the kidneys and increases RBC's

TPO (thyroperoxidase)

produced in the liver and produces thrombocytes

red blood cells

do not reproduce
99% more formed elements
only contain water and hemoglobin
flexible to fit through vessels
no nucleus or organelles

lifespan of red blood cells

120 days at most

granulocytes

cells with specific granules in the cytoplasm

agranulocytes

cells that lack granules in cytoplasm

leukocytes

white blood cells
have nucleus
no hemoglobin

lifespan of white blood cells

can live several days to several years

3 types of WBCs that are granular

neutrophils, eosinphils, basophils

basophils

.5-1% of all white cells
-hidden nucleus
inflammatory response, cuts, blood clotting

Eosinophil

2-4% of white blood cells
function in phagocytosis
function with allergic reactions
secrete chemicals that destroy parasytic worms

neutrophil

55-70% of white blood cells
2-6 lobes that are all connected by a very thin string of nuclear strands
has nucleus

agranular WBC's

monocytes and lymphocytes

monocytes

3-8% of WBCs
kidney shaped nucleus
primarily a phagocyte
leads the blood vessels into the CT
turns into macrophages

What do myeloid stem cells divide into?

red blood cells, platelets, or 4 different WBC

hypoxia

a deficiency of oxygen in any tissue

erythropoiesis

the production of erythrocytes

macrophage

cell that destroys dead or dying host and foreign cells

hemolysis

death of cells

phagocyte

major white blood cell

major components of cardiovascular system

heart, blood, and vessels

How does blood help transport?

carries oxygen from lungs to body's tissues, transports waste materials from the cells, and hormones from endocrine cells to their target organs

How does blood help regulate?

regulates the pH of extracellular fluids, regulates water by giving off or absorbing fluid as needed, shifting blood flow to help regulate body temperature

how does blood help with protection

helps against infection with the white blood cells and helps blood clots with enzymes and platelets

temperature of blood

38*F

formed elements

cells and cell fragments including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

thrombocytes

aka platelets, secret factors that initiates blood clots
very small
comes from myeloid cells
mega carrier cell
breaks into fragments
lots of granules
no nucleus
5-9 day lifespan
homeostasis (stops bleeding)

what do lymphoid stem cells divide into?

lymphocytes

pluripotent stem cells

the progenitor cell of blood cell formation. where the first cell arises

precursor cells

the next generation of cells

hemoglobin

consists of 4 protein chains of globin and non protein called heme molecules. globin breaks down into amino acids and is transported back to the cells to make protein and more amino acids. Heme goes back to red bone marrow and is released to make more hem

how long does hemoglobin live

3-4 months

transferrin

plasma protein that travels to bone marrow, liver and other tissues

ferritin

iron-storage complex formed by surplus iron binded to apoferritin that releases iron into the circulation when needed

bilirubin

yellow green pigment that is released from macrophages and binds to albumin in the blood plasma

urobilinogen

converted from bilirubin and is responsible for the brown color of feces

stages of development red blood cell

erythrocyte CFU -> erythroblast (precursor) ->reticulocyte (precursor) -> erythrocyte (mature)

reticulocyte

name of the cell after the nucleus is discharged from the cell

stercobilin

bile pigment that is formed by the metabolism of bilirubin by intestinal bacteria, contributing to the brown color of stool

anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume