Major functions of blood
Transport, protection, and regulation
Normal range of PH in blood
7.35-7.45
Viscosity of blood
how thick blood is which is dependent on size, weight and gender. whole blood: 4.5-5.5; plasma: 2.0
color of blood
rich red from more hemoglobin or light red with less hemoglobin
volume of blood
4.5L of blood for females; 5.6L of blood for males
components of blood
major components of blood plasma
nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, and plasma protein
What percent of the whole blood is plasma?
55%
3 major plasma proteins
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
albumins
produced by the liver. helps maintain osmotic and blood pressure
globulins
play various roles in immunity, solute transport, and clotting
fibrinogen
helps clotting of blood
What percent of whole blood is blood cells
45%
What percent of blood plasma is water?
91.5%
hemopoiesis
formation of blood cells
Where does hemopoiesis take place?
takes place in ends and shafts of long bones
Where are all blood cells manufactured?
in red bone marrow
EPO (erythropoietin)
produced in the kidneys and increases RBC's
TPO (thyroperoxidase)
produced in the liver and produces thrombocytes
red blood cells
do not reproduce
99% more formed elements
only contain water and hemoglobin
flexible to fit through vessels
no nucleus or organelles
lifespan of red blood cells
120 days at most
granulocytes
cells with specific granules in the cytoplasm
agranulocytes
cells that lack granules in cytoplasm
leukocytes
white blood cells
have nucleus
no hemoglobin
lifespan of white blood cells
can live several days to several years
3 types of WBCs that are granular
neutrophils, eosinphils, basophils
basophils
.5-1% of all white cells
-hidden nucleus
inflammatory response, cuts, blood clotting
Eosinophil
2-4% of white blood cells
function in phagocytosis
function with allergic reactions
secrete chemicals that destroy parasytic worms
neutrophil
55-70% of white blood cells
2-6 lobes that are all connected by a very thin string of nuclear strands
has nucleus
agranular WBC's
monocytes and lymphocytes
monocytes
3-8% of WBCs
kidney shaped nucleus
primarily a phagocyte
leads the blood vessels into the CT
turns into macrophages
What do myeloid stem cells divide into?
red blood cells, platelets, or 4 different WBC
hypoxia
a deficiency of oxygen in any tissue
erythropoiesis
the production of erythrocytes
macrophage
cell that destroys dead or dying host and foreign cells
hemolysis
death of cells
phagocyte
major white blood cell
major components of cardiovascular system
heart, blood, and vessels
How does blood help transport?
carries oxygen from lungs to body's tissues, transports waste materials from the cells, and hormones from endocrine cells to their target organs
How does blood help regulate?
regulates the pH of extracellular fluids, regulates water by giving off or absorbing fluid as needed, shifting blood flow to help regulate body temperature
how does blood help with protection
helps against infection with the white blood cells and helps blood clots with enzymes and platelets
temperature of blood
38*F
formed elements
cells and cell fragments including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
thrombocytes
aka platelets, secret factors that initiates blood clots
very small
comes from myeloid cells
mega carrier cell
breaks into fragments
lots of granules
no nucleus
5-9 day lifespan
homeostasis (stops bleeding)
what do lymphoid stem cells divide into?
lymphocytes
pluripotent stem cells
the progenitor cell of blood cell formation. where the first cell arises
precursor cells
the next generation of cells
hemoglobin
consists of 4 protein chains of globin and non protein called heme molecules. globin breaks down into amino acids and is transported back to the cells to make protein and more amino acids. Heme goes back to red bone marrow and is released to make more hem
how long does hemoglobin live
3-4 months
transferrin
plasma protein that travels to bone marrow, liver and other tissues
ferritin
iron-storage complex formed by surplus iron binded to apoferritin that releases iron into the circulation when needed
bilirubin
yellow green pigment that is released from macrophages and binds to albumin in the blood plasma
urobilinogen
converted from bilirubin and is responsible for the brown color of feces
stages of development red blood cell
erythrocyte CFU -> erythroblast (precursor) ->reticulocyte (precursor) -> erythrocyte (mature)
reticulocyte
name of the cell after the nucleus is discharged from the cell
stercobilin
bile pigment that is formed by the metabolism of bilirubin by intestinal bacteria, contributing to the brown color of stool
anemia
A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume